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Mar 31, 2024 · Sir William Crookes (born June 17, 1832, London, Eng.—died April 4, 1919, London) was a British chemist and physicist noted for his discovery of the element thallium and for his cathode-ray studies, fundamental in the development of atomic physics.
- The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica
- William Crookes – Biographical Background
- Spectral Analysis to Discover New Elements
- Experiments with Cathode Rays and Plasma
- Further Cathode Ray Research
- Fluorescent Tubes
- Mass Spectroscopy and Isotopes
- Further Achievements, Spiritualism and Theosophy
William Crookes was born in London, the eldest son of the second wife of Joseph Crookes, a very wealthy tailor. He attended high school until the age of 16, when he transferred to the Royal College of Chemistry, where August Wilhelm von Hofmanntaught. At the age of nineteen, Crookes became an assistant to Hofmann at the school. A year earlier, afte...
In 1859, Robert Bunsen and Gustav Robert Kirchhoff developed spectral analysis. Now Crookes was able to detect the chemical element thallium in his earlier selenium separations during spectroscopic experiments – at the same time as Claude Auguste Lamy. It is named after the Greek word thallos (“green shoot”) because of the green light effect in s...
Along with Wilhelm Hittorf, Crookes was also concerned with cathode rays. In a strongly evacuated glass tube, Crookes was able to detect the cathode rays as a shadow-casting cross (in the shadow-cross tube) by a special construction of the anode (made of aluminum). Cathode rays – unlike channel rays – are similarly invisible as sound waves, but whe...
Before that, W. Hittorf had already described the cathode rays, but without being able to gain the necessary attention. The cathode rays found the interest of many other scientists. Heinrich Hertz discovered in 1892 that cathode rays can penetrate very thin layers of solid materials. Philipp Lenard extended the experiment, by drilling a small hole...
Crookes continued to study the plasma state in evacuated glass tubes under high voltage. He developed what became known as Crookes’ light tube, which laid the foundation for the mass production of fluorescent tubes. From 1881, Crookes investigated the influence of cathode rays on chemical substances. He observed the fluorescent light (luminescent l...
In spectra observations of rare earths and other metals, Crookes could observe very many different spectral lines. He assumed that a chemical element has not only one atomic weight, but consists of atoms with different atomic weights, whereby a certain atomic weight can also clearly predominate. The later work of Soddy, Fajans, Aston, who were able...
In 1866, he was entrusted by the government with a paper on disinfectants for cattle disease. He pointed out the value of phenols in disinfection. In 1870 Crookes published a paper on beet sugar manufacture. In 1899 he dealt with the sewage question. This was followed in 1908 by a paper on the manufacture of artificial diamonds. In 1910 he wrote a ...
In other words, the breakup of the affair directly led to Crookes’s pioneering investigations into cathode rays, the development of gas discharge tubes of the type used by Rontgen, the discovery of uranium X (Th-234/Pa-234) that triggered Rutherford and Soddy’s theory of atomic transmutation, and the invention of the spinthariscope—the ...
In 1879, Sir William Crookes studied the effects of sending an electric current through a gas in a sealed tube. The tube had electrodes at either end and a flow of electrically charged particles moved from one of electrodes. This electrode was called the cathode, and the particles were known as cathode rays. The particles were first believed to ...
Jun 8, 2018 · views 2,987,627 updated May 18 2018. Crookes, Sir William (1832–1919) English chemist and physicist. He invented the radiometer (which measures electromagnetic radiation) and the Crookes tube, which led to the discovery of the electron by J. J. Thomson.
Breadcrumb. Home. Museum Library. This article originally appeared in the Health Physics Society Newsletter. London, 1903. Sir William Crookes, the very picture of Victorian elegance, was entertaining himself by observing the fluorescence that alpha rays from radium produced on a zinc sulfide screen (Romer 1960).
Sep 22, 2010 · Crookes's radiometers: a train of thought manifest. Jane Wess. Published: 22 September 2010 https://doi.org/10.1098/rsnr.2010.0034. Abstract. The Royal Society is to exhibit its collection of original radiometers by William Crookes in the 350th anniversary re-display, thus providing an opportune moment to study the instruments in some detail.
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