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URL encoding, officially known as percent-encoding, is a method to encode arbitrary data in a uniform resource identifier (URI) using only the US-ASCII characters legal within a URI.
This is a list of file signatures, data used to identify or verify the content of a file. Such signatures are also known as magic numbers or Magic Bytes. Many file formats are not intended to be read as text. If such a file is accidentally viewed as a text file, its contents will be unintelligible. However, some file signatures can be ...
Afrikaans ( / ˌæfrɪˈkɑːns / AF-rih-KAHNSS, / ˌɑːf -, - ˈkɑːnz / AHF-, -KAHNZ) [3] [4] is a West Germanic language, spoken in South Africa, Namibia and (to a lesser extent) Botswana, Zambia and Zimbabwe. It evolved from the Dutch vernacular [5] [6] of South Holland ( Hollandic dialect) [7] [8] spoken by the predominantly Dutch settlers and enslaved population of the Dutch Cape ...
- Design
- Internal Workings
- History
- Use in Education
- Personal Computers
- Calculators Compared to Computers
- See Also
- References
- Further Reading
- External Links
Input
Electronic calculators contain a keyboard with buttons for digits and arithmetical operations; some even contain "00" and "000" buttons to make larger or smaller numbers easier to enter. Most basic calculators assign only one digit or operation on each button; however, in more specific calculators, a button can perform multi-function working with key combinations.
Display output
Calculators usually have liquid-crystal displays (LCD) as output in place of historical light-emitting diode (LED) displays and vacuum fluorescent displays (VFD); details are provided in the section Technical improvements. Large-sized figures are often used to improve readability; while using decimal separator (usually a point rather than a comma) instead of or in addition to vulgar fractions. Various symbols for function commands may also be shown on the display. Fractions such as 1⁄3 are di...
Memory
Calculators also have the ability to save numbers into computer memory. Basic calculators usually store only one number at a time; more specific types are able to store many numbers represented in variables. Usually these variables are named ans or ans(0). The variables can also be used for constructing formulas. Some models have the ability to extend memory capacity to store more numbers; the extended memory address is termed an arrayindex.
In general, a basic electroniccalculator consists of the following components: 1. Power source (mains electricity, battery and/or solar cell) 2. Keypad (input device) – consists of keys used to input numbers and function commands (addition, multiplication, square-root, etc.) 3. Display panel (output device) – displays input numbers, commands and re...
Precursors to the electronic calculator
The first known tools used to aid arithmetic calculations were: bones (used to tally items), pebbles, and counting boards, and the abacus, known to have been used by Sumerians and Egyptians before 2000 BC. Except for the Antikythera mechanism (an "out of the time" astronomical device), development of computing tools arrived near the start of the 17th century: the geometric-military compass (by Galileo), logarithms and Napier bones (by Napier), and the slide rule (by Edmund Gunter). The Renais...
Development of electronic calculators
The first mainframe computers, initially using vacuum tubes and later transistorsin the logic circuits, appeared in the 1940s and 1950s. Electronic circuits developed for computers also had application to electronic calculators. The Casio Computer Company, in Japan, released the Model 14-A calculator in 1957, which was the world's first all-electric (relatively) compact calculator. It did not use electronic logic but was based on relay technology, and was built into a desk. The IBM 608 plugbo...
1970s to mid-1980s
The electronic calculators of the mid-1960s were large and heavy desktop machines due to their use of hundreds of transistors on several circuit boards with a large power consumption that required an AC power supply. There were great efforts to put the logic required for a calculator into fewer and fewer integrated circuits (chips) and calculator electronics was one of the leading edges of semiconductor development. U.S. semiconductor manufacturers led the world in large scale integration (LS...
In most countries, students use calculators for schoolwork. There was some[by whom?] initial resistance to the idea out of fear that basic or elementary arithmetic skills would suffer.[citation needed] There remains disagreement about the importance of the ability to perform calculations in the head, with some curricula restricting calculator use u...
Personal computers often come with a calculator utility program that emulates the appearance and functions of a calculator, using the graphical user interface to portray a calculator. Examples include the Windows Calculator, Apple's Calculator, and KDE's KCalc. Most personal data assistants (PDAs) and smartphonesalso have such a feature.
The fundamental difference between a calculator and computer is that a computer can be programmed in a way that allows the program to take different branches according to intermediate results, while calculators are pre-designed with specific functions (such as addition, multiplication, and logarithms) built in. The distinction is not clear-cut: som...
Sources
1. Chapman, S. (31 October 1942). "Blaise Pascal (1623–1662) Tercentenary of the calculating machine". Nature. 150 (3809). London: 508–509. Bibcode:1942Natur.150..508C. doi:10.1038/150508a0. 2. Hamrick, Kathy B. (October 1996). "The History of the Hand-Held Electronic Calculator". The American Mathematical Monthly. 103 (8): 633–639. doi:10.2307/2974875. JSTOR 2974875. 3. Houston, Keith (2023). Empire of the Sum: The Rise and Reign of the Pocket Calculator. Norton. ISBN 978-0-393-88214-8. 4. I...
U.S. patent 2,668,661 – Complex computer – G. R. Stibitz, Bell Laboratories, 1954 (filed 1941, refiled 1944), electromechanical (relay) device that could calculate complex numbers, record, and prin...U.S. patent 3,819,921 – Miniature electronic calculator – J. S. Kilby, Texas Instruments, 1974 (originally filed 1967), handheld (45 ounces (1.3 kg)) battery operated electronic device with thermal...U.S. patent 5,623,433 – Extended Numerical Keyboard with Structured Data-Entry Capability – J. H. Redin, 1997 (originally filed 1996), Usage of Verbal Numerals as a way to enter a number.The Museum of HP calculators (Slide Rules and Mechanical Calculators section)Apr 29, 2012 · I don't know PHP, but you might want soemthing like the following: $original = "2%E6%9C%8819%E6%97%A5"; $decoded = urldecode($original); echo $decoded; Although, if you want it to render correctly in a browser, it might be wise to /html/ encode it before writing it to a page.
Code sample
<?php$original = "2%E6%9C%8819%E6%97%A5";$decoded = urldecode($original);echo $decoded;?>Download for Android on Google Play. View full list of available Wikipedia apps. Wikipedia is a free online encyclopedia, created and edited by volunteers around the world and hosted by the Wikimedia Foundation.
旧暦6月18日 は 旧暦6月 の18日目である。六曜は 大安 である。
