Search results
Aug 16, 2022 · Austronesian languages are spoken from Madagascar to Polynesia, including te reo Māori, and have been the focus of considerable research. But many basic questions remain about the origin and...
- Victoria Chen
Jun 2, 2023 · The first comprehensive reference work on Formosan languages, relevant for decades to come. Sketch grammars of almost all known Formosan languages, living or extinct. Written by renowned scholars in the field from around the world.
- Introduction
- Results
- Discussion
- Materials and Methods
- Acknowledgments
- Author Contributions
- Data Availability
Austronesian is one of the largest language families in the world, with more than 1,200 languages spoken by almost 400 million people, and being spread from Madagascar in the west to Hawaii and Easter Island in the east (1). Linguistic analyses strongly support a Taiwanese origin for Austronesian languages (2, 3), and archaeological and genetic evi...
Taiwanese groups in the light of genetic variation in Asia and Oceania
We generated genome-wide single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) array data on the Affymetrix Human Origins array for 55 individuals from seven Austronesian (five Highland, one Lowland, and one Orchid Island) and two Han groups from Taiwan (Fig. 1A). We merged the new data with comparative modern and ancient genomes from Asia and Oceania (Fig. S1). We first investigated overall patterns in the data set using principal component analysis (PCA) and ADMIXTURE (29)/DyStruct (30) analyses. In the PCA...
Genetic structure within Taiwan
In the context of Asian and Oceanian genetic variation, the genetic profile of the THI/TOI was relatively homogenous with little structure revealed, except that they were separated from the Han groups, with the Lowland group falling in between them (Fig. 3A). To further study the structure within Taiwan, we applied the haplotype-based method fineSTRUCTURE (31). To provide haplotype sources from neighboring groups, we carried out chromosome painting on all of the Austronesian, Tai-Kadai, and S...
Genetic structure of Taiwanese Austronesian groups: implications for Into-Taiwan
With a better understanding of the genetic structure within Taiwan, we investigated the genetic profiles of the ancestors of Taiwanese Austronesians or proto-Austronesians. We first focused on ancient genomes from or near Taiwan: the Hanben from northeastern Taiwan, dated to ∼1.5 kya; the Suogang from Penghu Island offshore from southwestern Taiwan, dated to ∼4.5 kya; and the Liangdao from Liangdao Island offshore from northwestern Taiwan, dated to ∼7.7 kya (10, 11). Among all projected ancie...
In this study, we generated new genome-wide data for 55 Taiwanese individuals (43 Austronesians) to characterize the genetic structure of Taiwanese and address how this structure impacts questions regarding the Into- and Out-of-Taiwan migrations. Here, we highlight and discuss our most important findings concerning the genetic structure of THI/TOI ...
Sample and data information
Sampling of Taiwanese individuals was done in Ko et al. (6); we selected a total of 43 Austronesian (37 highlanders from Atayal, Bunun, Rukai, Paiwan, Ami; 1 Tao; and 5 Makatao lowlanders) and 12 Taiwanese Han (Hakka; Minnan) individuals and generated their genome-wide data on the Affymetrix Human Origins array. The ethics committees of the China Medical University, the Taiwan National Health Research Institutes, and the University of Leipzig Medical Faculty have approved this study. Informed...
Population genetic analyses
PCA was done with smartpca v16000 (58). Model-based clustering was done by ADMIXTURE v1.3.0 (29) and DyStruct v1.1.0 (30). We used admixr v0.9.1 (59) to compute f3 and f4 statistics and qpAdm from ADMIXTOOLS v7.0.2 (26). Phasing was done by SHAPEIT version 4.1.3 (60) with the reference panel and the recombination map from the 1,000 Genomes Phase3 (61). We ran ChromoPainter v2 (31), fineSTRUCTURE v4.0.1 (31), and GLOBETROTTER (34) to infer the haplotype sharing, fine-scale structure, and admix...
We thank all sample donors for making this work possible. We dedicate this paper to Prof. Ying-Chin Ko, a pioneer in the public health research of Taiwan aborigines and a tireless worker on behalf of Taiwan's aboriginal communities. We thank Benjamin Peter, Stephan Schiffels, Sandra Oliveira, Irina Pugach, Hsiao-Chun Hung, Stacy Fang-Ching Teng, an...
Conceptualization: D.L., A.M.-S.K., and M.S.; sample collection and data generation: A.M.-S.K.; data analysis: D.L.; supervision: M.S.; writing—original draft: D.L. and M.S.; writing—review & editing: D.L., A.M.-S.K., and M.S.
The genome-wide SNP array data generated in this study are available from the European Genome-Phenome Archive (EGA; https://ega-archive.org), under accession code EGAS00001006911.
Bayesian phylogenetic analysis allows us to reconstruct a history of early Austronesians arriving in Taiwan in the north ∼6,000 years ago, spreading rapidly to the south, and leaving Taiwan ∼4,000 years ago to spread throughout Island Southeast Asia, Madagascar, and Oceania. Original language.
Jan 16, 2014 · The 17 surviving indigenous languages of Taiwan (out of 21 or so) are the oldest and most diverse languages in the large and widespread Austronesian family of languages of Southeast Asia and the Pacific.
This chapter gives a general introduction to the Austronesian languages of Taiwan, their important position in the Austronesian language family, and the internal and external relationships of the languages.
Mar 6, 2014 · A Taiwan origin for the expansion of the Austronesian languages and their speakers is well supported by linguistic and archaeological evidence. However, human genetic evidence is more controversial.
