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In exploring Skinner on the nature-nurture dichotomy, we first discuss his ultimate explanations for innate and acquired behavior: phylogenic and ontogenic contingencies. Second, we explore the ways in which he distinguished between these two sets of contingencies, that is, in terms of temporal relations, consequences, and what is selected.
Oct 27, 2023 · The nature vs. nurture debate in psychology concerns the relative importance of an individual's innate qualities (nature) versus personal experiences (nurture) in determining or causing individual differences in physical and behavioral traits.
The Origins of Nature Versus Nurture. For much of recorded history, the distinction between nature and nurture was a temporal divide between what a person is innately endowed with at birth, prior to experience (nature), and what happens thereafter (nurture).
- Principles of Behaviorism
- Types of Behaviorist Theory
- Historical Timeline
- Applications
- Critical Evaluation
- References
The behaviorist movement began in 1913 when John B. Watson wrote an article entitled Psychology as the behaviorist views it, which set out several underlying assumptions regarding methodology and behavioral analysis: One assumption of the learning approach is that all behaviors are learned from the environment. They can be learned through classical...
Historically, the most significant distinction between versions of behaviorism is that between Watson’s original methodological behaviorism, and forms of behaviorism later inspired by his work, known collectively as neobehaviorism (e.g., radical behaviorism).
Pavlov (1897) published the results of an experiment on conditioning after originally studying digestion in dogs.Watson (1913) launches the behavioral school of psychology, publishing an article, Psychology as the behaviorist views it.Mental health
Behaviorism theorized that abnormal behavior and mental illness stem from faulty learning processes rather than internal conflicts or unconscious forces, as psychoanalysis claimed. Based on behaviorism, behavior therapy aims to replace maladaptive behaviors with more constructive ones through techniques like systematic desensitization, aversion therapy, and token economies. Systematic desensitizationhelps phobia patients gradually confront feared objects. The behaviorist approach has been use...
Education
The implications of classical conditioning in the classroom are less important than those of operant conditioning, but there is still a need for teachers to try to make sure that students associate positive emotional experiences with learning. If a student associates negative emotional experiences with school, then this can obviously have bad results, such as creating a school phobia. For example, if a student is bullied at school, they may learn to associate the school with fear. It could al...
Addiction
Cue reactivity is the theory that people associate situations (e.g., meeting with friends)/ places (e.g., pub) with the rewarding effects of nicotine, and these cues can trigger a feeling of craving (Carter & Tiffany, 1999). These factors become smoking-related cues. Prolonged use of nicotine creates an association between these factors and smoking based on classical conditioning. Nicotine is the unconditioned stimulus (UCS), and the pleasure caused by the sudden increase in dopamine levels i...
Behaviorism has experimental support: Pavlov showed that classical conditioning leads to learning by association. Watson and Raynershowed that phobias could be learned through classical conditioning in the “Little Albert” experiment. An obvious advantage of behaviorism is its ability to define behavior clearly and measure behavior changes. Accordin...
Bandura, A., & Walters, R. H. (1963). Social learning and personality development. New York: Holt, Rinehart, & Winston. Braat, M., Engelen, J., van Gemert, T., & Verhaegh, S. (2020). The rise and fall of behaviorism: The narrative and the numbers. History of Psychology, 23(3), 252-280. Carter, B. L., & Tiffany, S. T. (1999). Meta‐analysis of cue‐re...
Jan 12, 2023 · The nature versus nurture debate in psychology deals with disagreements about the extent to which the development of traits in humans and animals reflects the relative influence of nature and nurture.
Feb 11, 2016 · This analysis will take into account the authors and theories criticized by Skinner, the specific critiques made against those authors and theories, and the period of time when Skinner presented his critiques.
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