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- The works of Isaac Newton and Albert Einstein dominate the development of gravitational theory. Newton’s classical theory of gravitational force held sway from his Principia, published in 1687, until Einstein’s work in the early 20th century. Newton’s theory is sufficient even today for all but the most precise applications.
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Gravitational lensing was first confirmed in 1919, and has more recently been strongly confirmed through the use of a quasar which passes behind the Sun as seen from the Earth. The expansion of the universe (predicted by the Robertson–Walker metric) was confirmed by Edwin Hubble in 1929.
- Newtonian Gravity
- Planet Vulcan
- Special Relativity
- Einstein Predicts Gravitational Redshift
- General Relativity
- Einstein Theorises Stimulated Emission
- Prediction of Frame Dragging
- First Observation of Gravitational Lensing
- First Measurement of Gravitational Redshift
- Gravitational Redshift Verified
Isaac Newton publishes Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica, giving a comprehensive account of gravity. This gave astronomers an accurate toolbox for predicting the motions of planets. But it was not without its problems, such as calculating the precise orbit of the planet Mercury. All planets’ orbits precess– with the closest point of thei...
To explain Mercury’s odd behaviour, Urbain Le Verrierproposed the existence of an unseen planet called [Vulcan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulcan_(hypothetical_planet), which orbited closer to the sun. He suggested that the gravity from Vulcan was influencing Mercury’s orbit. But repeated observations revealed no signs of Vulcan.
Albert Einstein shakes up physics with his special theory of relativity. He then started incorporating gravity into his equations, which led to his next breakthrough.
What we now call gravitational redshift was first proposed by Einstein from his thoughts in the development of general relativity. Einstein predicted that the wavelength of light coming from atoms in a strong gravitational field will lengthen as it escapes the gravitational force. The longer wavelength shifts the photon to the red end of the electr...
Albert Einstein publishes general theory of relativity. The first great success was its accurate prediction of Mercury’s orbit, including its previously inscrutable precession. The theory also predicts the existence of black holes and gravitational waves, although Einstein himself often struggled to understand them.
In 1917, Einstein publishes a paper on the quantum theory of radiation indicating stimulated emissionwas possible. Einstein proposed that an excited atom could return to a lower energy state by releasing energy in the form of photons in a process called spontaneous emission. In stimulated emission, an incoming photon interacts with the excited atom...
Josef Lense and Hans Thirringtheorise that the rotation of a massive object in space would “drag” spacetime around with it.
Gravitational lensing is the bending of light around massive objects, such as a black hole, allowing us to view objects that lie behind it. During a total solar eclipse in May 1919, stars near the sun were observed slightly out of position. This indicated that light was bending due to the sun’s mass.
Walter Sydney Adamsexamined light emitted from the surface of massive stars and detected a redshift, as Einstein predicted.
The theory was conclusively tested by Robert Pound and Glen Rebka by measuring the relative redshift of two sources at the top and bottom of Harvard University’s Jefferson Laboratory tower. The experiment accurately measuredthe tiny change in energies as photons travelled between the top and the bottom.
Newton's law of universal gravitation says that every particle attracts every other particle in the universe with a force that is proportional to the product of their masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between their centers.
Einstein's Theory of Gravitation. Our modern understanding of gravity comes from Albert Einstein’s theory of general relativity, which stands as one of the best-tested theories in science.
Isaac Newton was the first to develop a quantitative theory of gravity, holding that the force of attraction between two bodies is proportional to the product of their masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them.
Apr 12, 2024 · Newton’s law of gravitation, statement that any particle of matter in the universe attracts any other with a force varying directly as the product of the masses and inversely as the square of the distance between them. Isaac Newton put forward the law in 1687.
Sir Isaac Newton developed the three basic laws of motion and the theory of universal gravity, which together laid the foundation for our current understanding of physics and the Universe.
