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Abnormal cell division in either mitosis or meiosis can result in unusual distributions of chromosomes, and the consequences can range from innocuous to lethal.
The stages of cell division oversee the separation of identical genetic material into two new nuclei, followed by the division of the cytoplasm. Animal cell mitosis is divided into five stages—prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase—visualized here by light microscopy with fluorescence.
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- Learning Objectives
- The Cell Division Cycle
- Chromosomes
- Ploidy
- Mitosis
- Meiosis
Describe the chromosomal makeup of a cell using the terms chromosome, sister chromatid, homologous chromosome, diploid, haploid, and tetradRecognize the function and products of mitosis and meiosisCompare and contrast the behaviors of chromosomes in mitosis and meiosisRecognize when cells are diploid vs. haploidCells reproduce genetically identical copies of themselves by cycles of cell growth and division. The cell cycle diagram on the left shows that a cell division cycle consists of 4 stages: 1. G1 is the period after cell division, and before the start of DNA replication. Cells grow and monitor their environment to determine whether they should initia...
Chromosomes were first named by cytologists viewing dividing cells through a microscope. The modern definition of a chromosome now includes the function of heredity and the chemical composition. A chromosome is a DNA molecule that carries all or part of the hereditary information of an organism. In eukaryotic cells, the DNA is packaged with protein...
Humans are diploid, meaning we have two copies of each chromosome. We inherited one copy of each chromosome from other mother, and one copy of each from our father. Gametes (sperm cells or egg cells) are haploid, meaning that they have just one complete set of chromosomes. Chromosomes that do not differ between males and females are called autosome...
Mitosis produces two daughter cells that are genetically identical to each other, and to the parental cell. A diploid cell starts with 2N chromosomes and 2X DNA content. After DNA replication, the cells is still genetically diploid (2N chromosome number), but has 4X DNA content because each chromosome has replicated its DNA. Each chromosome now con...
This is a special sequence of 2 cell divisions that produces haploid gametes from diploid germline cells. It starts with a diploid cell that has undergone chromosomal DNA replication: 2N chromosomes, 4X DNA content. Two successive divisions, with no additional DNA replication, results in 4 haploid gametes: 1N chromosomes, 1X DNA content. NOVA has a...
Sep 17, 2023 · Cells on the path to cell division proceed through a series of precisely timed and carefully regulated stages of growth, DNA replication, and division that produce two genetically identical cells. The cell cycle has two major phases: interphase and the mitotic phase (Figure ).
The third part of the cell cycle is the G2 phase where the cell prepares for division. The G1, S and G2 phases together are called interphase. The M phase completes the cell cycle. ’M’ could be mitosis or meiosis depending on the type of cell. For the zygote, the goal is to make more somatic cells.
6 days ago · Here, we provide evidence for a striking life cycle-coupled divergence between open and closed mitosis in the Ichthyosporea (Fig. 4b), cementing their role as a key group of species, along with...
Mitosis ends with telophase, or the stage at which the chromosomes reach the poles. The nuclear membrane then reforms, and the chromosomes begin to decondense into their interphase conformations...
