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Gender identity and sexual orientation are fundamental independent characteristics of an individual’s sexual identity. 1 Gender identity refers to a person’s innermost concept of self as male, female or something else and can be the same or different from one’s physical sex. 2 Sexual orientation refers to an enduring pattern of emotional ...
- Minireview
Sexual orientation is a sexually differentiated trait (over...
- Sex/Gender, Race/Ethnicity, and Health
Sex/gender and race/ethnicity are complex traits that are...
- Minireview
Jan 1, 2016 · Like many other fields, gender studies has a language of its own, and it is important to understand its terminology. Sex is generally thought of as being determined by the physical characteristics, such as internal organs (ovaries, testicles) and external organs (genitals, breasts) that a person possesses.
- Laura Erickson-Schroth
- erickson.schroth@gmail.com
People also ask
Which traits show a significant gender difference?
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Feb 26, 2016 · Physical characteristics (e.g., narrow waist, long legs, and medium–large breasts) play an important role in determining attractiveness and selecting a potential mate, particularly in men’s evaluations of women ( Dixson, Grimshaw, Linklater, & Dixon, 2010, 2011b; Singh, 1993; Singh & Young, 1995 ).
- Ray Garza, Roberto R. Heredia, Anna B. Cieslicka
- 2016
- Literature Review Methodology
- Findings of Heritability Studies
- Molecular Genetic Studies
Here, we review available twin studies that report heritability estimates on gender dysphoria and related phenotypes across different ages divided in three sections, covering studies in children, adolescents, and adults (age groupings used by the studies). We conducted a literature review in PubMed using the following search terms*, (“English”[Lang...
Findings in adults
Lippa and Hershberger (1999) studied a relatively large sample of 839 MZ and DZ same-sex twin pairs on measures of masculinity, femininity and gender diagnosticity as defined by Lippa and Hershberger (1999). For masculinity as well as femininity, the MZ twin correlations were around 0.35 while DZ twin correlations were about half of the MZ correlation. Subsequent analyses showed heritability estimates of 36% for masculinity and 38% for femininity, meaning that about one-third of the variation...
Findings in adolescents
Masculinity and femininity were also investigated in a study in American children and adolescents by (Mitchell et al. 1989). Their study comprised a small sample of 38 MZ and 32 DZ twin pairs with an age range of 8–15 years old. Masculinity and femininity in this study were assessed with two self-reports: the Adolescent Self-Perception Inventory (ASPI) and Children’s Personality Attributes Questionnaire (CPAQ) which are, as expected, correlated (r = 0.36). Masculinity and femininity appeared...
Findings in children
Two studies in children used data from 3- and 4 year-old twins from the Twin Early Development study (TEDs, N > 3000 twin pairs) in the UK. One study examined ‘sex-typed behavior’ (Iervolino et al. 2005), and one study used data on ‘atypical gender development’ (Knafo et al. 2005). In addition, both studies used 24 items of the Pre-School Activities Inventory (PSAI), an instrument which measures masculinity and femininity, and samples were partly overlapping; thus the two studies are not comp...
Given the contribution of heritable factors to variation in gender identity, several studies appeared in the past decade focused on individual candidate genes. Most candidate gene studies have focused on sex-hormone receptors, such as androgen and oestrogen receptor genes, or genes involved in sex hormone pathways. To date, no conclusive associatio...
- Tinca J.C. Polderman, Baudewijntje P.C. Kreukels, Michael S. Irwig, Lauren Beach, Yee Ming Chan, Yee...
- 2018
Aug 1, 2011 · Introduction. Men and women belong to different species and communications between them is still in its infancy. – Bill Cosby. Many people, including Bill Cosby, perceive the differences between men and women to be large – so large, in fact, that communication between genders may be difficult.
Jan 30, 2019 · Specifically, we sought to determine (1) how men and women are characterized by male and female raters, (2) how men and women characterize themselves, and (3) the degree of convergence between self-characterizations and charcterizations of one’s gender group.
