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1. Top results related to what are the different parts of c++ program

   • What are the names of different parts of GCC, Apple LLVM, and MSVC compilers?

     Top Answer

     Answered Oct 27, 2021 · 1 votes

     This seems to answer the question:

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     1/5

   • What are some of the more obscure parts of C++?

     Top Answer

     Answered May 23, 2009 · 2 votes

     Herb Sutter's books are an excellent source for this topic -- start with http://www.gotw.ca/publications/xc++.htm .

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     Answered May 23, 2009 · 9 votes

     ADL (aka Koenig Lookup) is pretty obscure, even though people use it without realizing it in every Hello World program.

     The "ScopeGuard trick", where const references as return values from functions are bound to the scope of something they're assigned to, is also fairly obscure. That article raised awareness about it quite a bit, though.

     There are also a few properties and usages of sizeof() that count as obscure, especially when used in macros or template metaprograms.

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     Answered May 23, 2009 · 5 votes

     The aphorism for the candidate features is "you don't need it very often, but when you need it, you need it bad."

     • Placement new
     • extern "C++"
     • local classes
     • std::allocator
     • mutable, explicit, volatile
     • pointer-to-any-member-of-any-class

     So, for the people who have had reason to use these features (library authors), they won't be obscure, and for the majority of C++ programmers, they will be unknown.

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     2/5

   • What are the different versions of c++ and how to know which one is suitable for what purpose?

     Top Answer

     Answered Apr 25, 2020 · 3 votes

     You can see different features added in each version here: https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp

     The general answer is they are all suitable for all the same things that C++ is suitable for. People will disagree, but overall you would use them for the same things, the newer versions just add newer features that are "nice" but not required to do any task.

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     3/5

   • What are the different possible ways to reduce the time complexity of vector array implementing stack in the given program..?

     Top Answer

     Answered Aug 23, 2017 · 1 votes

     Here is a implementation using set

     set is used to store values from greater to smaller , so the first value is always the max value .O(1)

     when there is push in vector item is added to the set as well

     when there is pop , item is erased from set

     Set of input

     6 test case -110-143-112-155-2-343-

     max value is 43

     Full code implementation

     #include <set>#include <iostream>#include <vector>#include<algorithm>-using namespace std;-std::multiset<int,std::greater<int> > settrack;vector<int> stack;-void push(){ int element; cin>>element; stack.push_back(element); settrack.insert(element);-}-void max_element(){ auto max = settrack.begin(); cout<<*max<<endl;-}-void pop(){ if(stack.empty()) { return; } settrack.erase(settrack.find(stack.back())); stack.pop_back();-}-int main() { int t,n; cin>>t; while(t--) { cout<<"1:push 2:pop 3:max_element "<<endl; cin>>n; switch (n) { case 1:push(); break;- case 2:pop(); break;- case 3:max_element(); break; } }- return 0;}-

     Output

     61:push 2:pop 3:max_element 1101:push 2:pop 3:max_element 1431:push 2:pop 3:max_element 1121:push 2:pop 3:max_element 1551:push 2:pop 3:max_element 21:push 2:pop 3:max_element 343Program ended with exit code: 0-

     PS: Part of solution credit goes to Conrad Parker see comment

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   • What are the pros & cons of the different C++ clocks for logging time stamps?

     Top Answer

     Answered Sep 27, 2020 · 19 votes

     system_clock

     is a clock that keeps time with UTC (excluding leap seconds). Every once in a while (maybe several times a day), it gets adjusted by small amounts, to keep it aligned with the correct time. This is often done with a network service such as NTP. These adjustments are typically on the order of microseconds, but can be either forward or backwards in time. It is actually possible (though not likely nor common) for timestamps from this clock to go backwards by tiny amounts. Unless abused by an administrator, system_clock does not jump by gross amounts, say due to daylight saving, or changing the computer's local time zone, since it always tracks UTC.

     steady_clock

     is like a stopwatch. It has no relationship to any time standard. It just keeps ticking. It may not keep perfect time (no clock does really). But it will never be adjusted, especially not backwards. It is great for timing short bits of code. But since it never gets adjusted, it may drift over time with respect to system_clock which is adjusted to keep in sync with UTC.

     This boils down to the fact that steady_clock is best for timing short durations. It also typically has nanosecond resolution, though that is not required. And system_clock is best for timing "long" times where "long" is very fuzzy. But certainly hours or days qualifies as "long", and durations under a second don't. And if you need to relate a timestamp to a human readable time such as a date/time on the civil calendar, system_clock is the only choice.

     high_resolution_clock

     is allowed to be a type alias for either steady_clock or system_clock, and in practice always is. But some platforms alias to steady_clock and some to system_clock. So imho, it is best to just directly choose steady_clock or system_clock so that you know what you're getting.

     Though not specified, std::time

     is typically restricted to a resolution of a second. So it is completely unusable for situations that require subsecond precision. Otherwise std::time tracks UTC (excluding leap seconds), just like system_clock.

     std::clock

     tracks processor time, as opposed to physical time. That is, when your thread is not busy doing something, and the OS has parked it, measurements of std::clock will not reflect time increasing during that down time. This can be really useful if that is what you need to measure. And it can be very surprising if you use it without realizing that processor time is what you're measuring.

     And new for C++20

     C++20 adds four more clocks to the <chrono> library:

     utc_clock

     is just like system_clock, except that it counts leap seconds. This is mainly useful when you need to subtract two time_points across a leap second insertion point, and you absolutely need to count that inserted leap second (or a fraction thereof).

     tai_clock

     measures seconds since 1958-01-01 00:00:00 and is offset 10s ahead of UTC at this date. It doesn't have leap seconds, but every time a leap second is inserted into UTC, the calendrical representation of TAI and UTC diverge by another second.

     gps_clock

     models the GPS time system. It measures seconds since the first Sunday of January, 1980 00:00:00 UTC. Like TAI, every time a leap second is inserted into UTC, the calendrical representation of GPS and UTC diverge by another second. Because of the similarity in the way that GPS and TAI handle UTC leap seconds, the calendrical representation of GPS is always behind that of TAI by 19 seconds.

     file_clock

     is the clock used by the filesystem library, and is what produces the chrono::time_point aliased by std::filesystem::file_time_type.

     One can use a new named cast in C++20 called clock_cast to convert among the time_points of system_clock, utc_clock, tai_clock, gps_clock and file_clock. For example:

     auto tp = clock_cast<system_clock>(last_write_time("some_path/some_file.xxx"));-

     The type of tp is a system_clock-based time_point with the same duration type (precision) as file_time_type.

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2. cplusplus.com › doc › tutorialStructure of a program - C++ Users

   cplusplus.com › doc › tutorial

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   The execution of all C++ programs begins with the main function, regardless of where the function is actually located within the code. Lines 5 and 7: { and } The open brace ( {) at line 5 indicates the beginning of main 's function definition, and the closing brace ( }) at line 7, indicates its end.

   • Variables and Types

     These are two valid declarations of variables. The first one...

   • Compilers

     C++ is designed to be a compiled language, meaning that it...

   • Classes (Ii)

     Where a is an object of class A, b is an object of class B...

   • Basic Input/Output

     C++ uses a convenient abstraction called streams to perform...

   • Statements and Flow Control

     The first statement in main sets n to a value of 10. This is...

   • Polymorphism

     Function main declares two pointers to Polygon (named ppoly1...

3. www.geeksforgeeks.org › structure-of-cpp-programStructure of C++ Program - GeeksforGeeks

   www.geeksforgeeks.org › structure-of-cpp-program

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   Nov 2, 2023 · Generally, a program includes various programming elements like built-in functions, classes, keywords, constants, operators, etc. that are already defined in the standard C++ library. In order to use such pre-defined elements in a program, an appropriate header must be included in the program.

   • Video Duration: 8 min

4. People also ask

   What is the structure of a program written in C++?

   • The structure of the program written in C++ language is as follows: This section comes first and is used to document the logic of the program that the programmer going to code. It can be also used to write for purpose of the program. Whatever written in the documentation section is the comment and is not compiled by the compiler.

   Structure of C++ Program - GeeksforGeeks

   www.geeksforgeeks.org/structure-of-cpp-program/

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   What is a main function in C++?

   • The function named main is a special function in all C++ programs; it is the function called when the program is run. The execution of all C++ programs begins with the main function, regardless of where the function is actually located within the code.

   Structure of a program - C++ Users

   cplusplus.com/doc/tutorial/program_structure/

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   How to write a C++ struct program without a class?

   • It is essential to remember that C++ offers the flexibility of writing a program with or without a class and its member functions definitions. A simple C++ struct program (without a class) will include comments, namespace, headers, main () and input/output statements.

   Structure of a C++ Program - Toppr

   www.toppr.com/guides/computer-science/introduction-to-c/getting-started-with-c/structure-of-a-c-program/

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   How a C++ program is written?

   • The C++ program is written using a specific template structure. The structure of the program written in C++ language is as follows: This section comes first and is used to document the logic of the program that the programmer going to code. It can be also used to write for purpose of the program.

   Structure of C++ Program - GeeksforGeeks

   www.geeksforgeeks.org/structure-of-cpp-program/

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5. www.w3schools.in › cplusplus › program-structureC++ Program Structure - W3Schools

   www.w3schools.in › cplusplus › program-structure

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   • C++ Program That Outputs A Line of Text
   • Std::Cout<<"This Is My First C++ Program"
   • Namespace

   Program Output: The above example prints the text on the screen. Let's look into various parts of the above C++ program:

   See full list on w3schools.in

   The above line is a statement in C++. A statement must always terminate with a semicolon; Otherwise, it causes a syntax error. This statement introduces two new features of the C++ language, the cout and <

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   If you specify using namespace std, you don't have to put std::throughout your code. The program will know to look in the std library to find the object. Namespace std contains all the classes, objects, and functions of the standard C++ library. Example:

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6. www.learncpp.com › cpp-tutorial › statements-and-the1.1 — Statements and the structure of a program – Learn C++

   www.learncpp.com › cpp-tutorial › statements-and-the

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   Feb 2, 2024 · There are many different kinds of statements in C++: Declaration statements. Jump statements. Expression statements. Compound statements. Selection statements (conditionals) Iteration statements (loops) Try blocks. By the time you’re through with this tutorial series, you’ll understand what all of these are! Functions and the main function.

7. www.programtopia.net › cplusplus › docsStructure and Sections of a C++ Program - Programtopia

   www.programtopia.net › cplusplus › docs

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   Primarily, a C++ program can be divided into. Documentation Section. Link Section. Using directive. Class declaration/definition. Member function definition. Main function. 1. Documentation Section. Documentation section is where comments about what the underlying code are written.

8. www.toppr.com › structure-of-a-c-programStructure of a C++ Program - Toppr

   www.toppr.com › structure-of-a-c-program

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   Moreover, the C++ program structure divides into several sections which are namely headers, class definition, member functions definitions and main function. So, this article will let us learn about struct C++ in detail.

9. www.cs.fsu.edu › ~cop3014p › lecturesBasic C++ Elements - Florida State University

   www.cs.fsu.edu › ~cop3014p › lectures

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   Introduction. Terminology: Computer program: sequence of statements designed to accomplish some task. Programming: planning/creating a program. Syntax: rules that specify which statements (instructions) are legal. Programming language: a set of rules, symbols, and special words. Semantic rule: meaning of the instruction. C++ Programs.