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Output, unemployment, and inflation
- Though macroeconomics encompasses a variety of concepts and variables, but there are three central topics for macroeconomic research on a national level: output, unemployment, and inflation.
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Jan 1, 2018 · Though macroeconomics encompasses a variety of concepts and variables, but there are three central topics for macroeconomic research on the national level: output, unemployment, and inflation. Aggregate demand is downward sloping as a result of three consumption sensitivities: wealth effect, interest rate effect and foreign exchange effect.
- Measuring a Nation's Output: GDP. 3 items. A nation’s output, as measured by its gross domestic product (GDP), is the start of most macroeconomics courses.
- Money, Prices, and Inflation. 5 items. This topic introduces money as a means of exchange and facilitating trade. Money affects important macroeconomic variables, such as interest rates, exchange rates, and the aggregate price level (inflation).
- Production and Growth. 3 items. Over the last few decades, the economies of many emerging markets have been catching up with developed countries. Identifying high growth economies is a challenge for international investors and can depend on nontraditional economic indicators and an assessment of government institutions.
- Unemployment. 3 items. Unemployment is a key topic for economists, and maintaining low levels of unemployment has become part of the mandate of central banks of the world’s major economies.
- Overview
- Models and graphs
- Common Misperceptions
- Discussion questions
This article summarizes the learning objectives and essential knowledge for the lesson on Scarcity. Here you will find key terms, key concepts, common misperceptions, and discussion questions to help you review what you have learned.
If you want to sum up what economics means, you could do so with the following statement:
Individuals and societies are forced to make choices because most resources are scarce.
Economics is the study of how individuals and societies choose to allocate scarce resources, why they choose to allocate them that way, and the consequences of those decisions.
Scarcity is sometimes considered the basic problem of economics. Resources are scarce because we live in a world in which humans’ wants are infinite but the land, labor, and capital required to satisfy those wants are limited. This conflict between society’s unlimited wants and our limited resources means choices must be made when deciding how to allocate scarce resources.
Any economic system must provide society with a means of making choices that answer three basic questions:
Economics is a social science. This means that economists, in their study of human interactions, use models to simplify, analyze, and predict human behavior. Models include graphs and mathematical models.
The purpose of these graphs and mathematical models is to simplify the many interactions that occur in an economy. In their use of models, economists usually make the assumption, when analyzing the effect of a particular change on a market or on a nation’s economy, that all else is held constant. The term we use for “all else equal” is the Latin expressions, ceteris paribus.
Another assumption economists make is that economic agents are rational and have an incentive to make decisions that are always in their own self-interest. While in reality human beings often act irrationally, by assuming people, businesses, governments, and other agents are rational decision-makers, and by assuming ceteris paribus, economists attempt to establish laws and make predictions about how human interactions will affect society.
When thinking about economic problems, we can use either positive analysis or normative analysis. Positive analysis is objective, fact-based, and cause-and-effect thinking about problems. When economists disagree it is typically due to different normative analysis. When using normative analysis, the focus is on what should happen or how desirable one action is compared to a different action.
•Economics is not the study of stock markets, money, or how to run a business. Although many new students believe they will be learning about these concepts, economics is a social science that seeks to better understand and predict human interactions; unlike business and finance, which focus on how to manage a business organization and invest money in a way to earn the highest return for investors.
•One essential assumption made in most economic analysis is that all humans are rational and will make choices based on what is always in their best interest. In the real world, obviously, people, businesses, and even entire societies can be highly irrational.
•Just because a decision is "irrational" in the economic sense, that doesn't mean that it is inherently wrong, bad, or lesser than what an economist would call a "rational" decision. In fact, the field of Behavioral Economics seeks to understand better the many reasons humans choose to make economically "irrational" choices in their decision making.
•One of the four economic resources that societies must decide how to allocate is capital. When people use the word capital in everyday conversation, many people are referring to money or “financial capital.” In economics, capital is defined as the already-produced goods (tools, machinery, equipment, and physical infrastructure) that are used in the production of other goods or services. A robot on a car factory floor is defined as capital in economics; money you borrow to start your own business is not.
•Victorian historian Thomas Carlyle once called economics the "dismal science" because he believed it obsessively focused on the scarcity of resources. What does the field of economics provide society that other sciences such as chemistry, biology and physics cannot?
•Using at least three key terms from this lesson, explain how scarcity affects you in your everyday life.
- Basic economics concepts. Introduction to macroeconomics: Basic economics concepts Opportunity cost and the Production Possibilities Curve: Basic economics concepts Comparative advantage and the gains from trade: Basic economics concepts.
- Economic indicators and the business cycle. Gross Domestic Product: Economic indicators and the business cycle Limitations of GDP: Economic indicators and the business cycle Unemployment: Economic indicators and the business cycle.
- National income and price determination. Aggregate demand: National income and price determination Multipliers: National income and price determination Short-run aggregate supply: National income and price determination Long-run aggregate supply: National income and price determination.
- Financial sector. Financial assets: Financial sector Nominal v. real interest rates: Financial sector Definition, measurement, and functions of money: Financial sector Banking and the expansion of the money supply: Financial sector.
The macroeconomic perspective looks at the economy as a whole, focusing on goals like growth in the standard of living, unemployment, and inflation. Macroeconomics has two types of policies for pursuing these goals: monetary policy and fiscal policy. 1.3 How Economists Use Theories and Models to Understand Economic Issues.
The macro economy includes all buying and selling, all production and consumption; everything that goes on in every market in the economy. How can we get a handle on that? The answer begins more than 80 years ago, during the Great Depression.
Unit 1: Basic economics concepts. About this unit. Fundamental concepts like scarcity, opportunity cost, and supply and demand form the basis for the study of macroeconomics. How can individuals and nations engage in mutually advantageous trade? This is where it starts.
