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  1. Name: Pennsylvania topographic map, elevation, terrain. Location: Pennsylvania, United States ( 39.71977 -80.52108 42.51469 -74.68967) Average elevation: 1,115 ft. Minimum elevation: -10 ft. Maximum elevation: 4,652 ft.

  2. Jul 12, 2018 · The North American Vertical Datum of 1988 (NAVD 88) is the vertical control datum established in 1991 by the minimum-constraint adjustment of the Canadian-Mexican-United States leveling observations. It held fixed the height of the primary tidal bench mark, referenced to the new International Great Lakes Datum of 1985 local mean sea level ...

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  4. Nov 4, 2020 · HEIGHT DIFFERENCES BETWEEN NAVD 88 AND NGVD 29 IN CONTERMINOUS UNITED STATES; UNITS = CM (NOAA) According to the NGS website, surveyors used a method called Differential or Spirit Leveling, where a rod is held on a mark with a known elevation. “A reading is taken on the rod, which provides the elevation of the line-of-sight through the ...

  5. NAVD 88 was established in 1991 by the minimum-constraint adjustment of geodetic leveling observations in Canada, the United States, and Mexico. It held fixed the height of the primary tide gauge benchmark , referenced to the International Great Lakes Datum of 1985 local mean sea level (MSL) height value, at Rimouski , Quebec , Canada .

  6. Topographic maps (from USGS, for example) will have elevations referenced to either NAVD 88 or the older NGVD 29. Except for the largest map scales, the horizontal components of WGS 84 and NAD 83 may be considered equivalent. Even if the features are horizontally referenced to NAD 83, this does not mean the vertical datum is a 3-D vertical datum.

  7. Per Standard 118, all new flood maps must be referenced to NAVD88. If the Flood Risk Project is updating an existing FIRM that is referenced to NGVD29, any unrevised flood elevations within the project footprint will need to be converted to NAVD88. Additionally, to eliminate possible confusion and misuse of flood elevation information, all ...

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