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  1. The macrolides and related antibiotics act by binding at different sites in the peptide exit tunnel of the 50S ribosome subunit. Resistance can occur by modification of the RNA or protein components of the tunnel.

    • ​ Figure5 5

      Integron structure and gene capture mechanism. This figure...

    • Fig. 1

      History of antibiotic discovery and concomitant development...

  2. Mar 13, 2015 · Antibiotic resistance confronts history of science and theories of conceptual change with a double movement in which the science of biology changes – but so does the biology of science, driven by the industrialization of bacterial metabolism.

    • Hannah Landecker
    • 2016
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  4. Jan 7, 2021 · By comparing thousands of bacterial genomes, scientists in Gothenburg, Sweden have traced back the evolutionary history of antibiotic resistance genes. In almost all cases where an origin could be determined, the gene started to spread from bacteria that, themselves, can cause disease.

  5. Mar 29, 2017 · Penicillin Resistance: First Signs, Progression and the Global Problem. The first sign of antibiotic resistance became apparent soon after the discovery of penicillin. In 1940, Abraham and Chain reported that an E. coli strain was able to inactivate penicillin by producing penicillinase .

    • Mariya Lobanovska, Giulia Pilla
    • Yale J Biol Med. 2017 Mar; 90(1): 135-145.
    • 2017
    • 2017/03
  6. Sep 13, 2019 · Pathogenic bacteria acquire ABR through two fundamentally different genetic mechanisms. Spontaneous mutations that occur during the replication of the bacterial chromosome can make bacteria resistant to antibiotics, usually by modifying the cellular targets of antibiotics.

    • R. Craig MacLean, Alvaro San Millan
    • 2019
  7. Oct 23, 2018 · The intensity and character of concerns about antibiotic resistance, over the past nearly seventy-five years, have depended on a series of linked factors: the evolution and distribution of ...

  8. Mar 22, 2022 · We now understand that, as most antibiotic compounds are derived from nature, resistance is the result of ongoing evolution and that there is a constant flow of resistance...

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