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William Graham Sumner (October 30, 1840 – April 12, 1910) was an American clergyman, social scientist, and neoclassical liberal. He taught social sciences at Yale University, where he held the nation's first professorship in sociology and became one of the most influential teachers at any other major school.
Apr 10, 2024 · William Graham Sumner was a U.S. sociologist and economist, prolific publicist of Social Darwinism. Like the British philosopher Herbert Spencer, Sumner, who taught at Yale from 1872 to 1909, expounded in many essays his firm belief in laissez-faire, individual liberty, and the innate inequalities.
- The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica
In September of 1872, Sumner began a position as professor of political economy and social science at Yale. There he became part of the “Young Yale” movement, a reformist group opposing traditional classroom recitation. Sumner was one of the institution’s most popular and controversial teachers.
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William Graham Sumner (1840-1910) was one of the founders of the science of sociology in the United States. He studied political economy at Yale, graduating in 1863, and then studied French and Hebrew at Geneva, ancient languages and history at Gottingen, and Anglican theology at Oxford. In 1866 he returned to a tutorship at Yale. Ordained as an Ep...
An abrupt change seems to have occurred in Sumners career in the early 1890s. Before that time, he had been nationally known as an economist and essayist, fighting brilliantly against tariffs, socialism, sentimental social movements, and big government; thus, his undergraduate courses were enormously popular. After 1890 he increasingly deserted eco...
Economic views . As a professor of economics Sumner steadily championed individualism and laissez-faire and, just as insistently, condemned governmental regulation (interference) and social reform movements. He believed the economic, political, and social worlds to be governed by natural laws. According to these laws, perfect competition results in...
The seed sown in Sumners mind by Spencer began to germinate when Sumner read the work of an obscure Czech scholar, Julius Lippert, whose Evolution of Culture first appeared in 1886 (Mur-dock 1933). Drawing, like Spencer, on ethnographical material, Lippert traced the evolution of specific cultural traits (such as the use of tools or fire), of insti...
Folkways and mores. Sumner himself succinctly described how he came to make his greatest contribution to sociology: Sumner was clearly anthropological in his approach to his materials. His research for Folkways and The Science of Society was principally ethno-graphical. Keller quotes Sumner as once saying, as he pointed to a vast wall in the univer...
The treatise Folkways made sociological history. Its subtitle is A Study of the Sociological Importance of Usages, Manners, Customs, Mores, and Morals.
To Sumner, a study of folkways is to a science of society what the study of the cell is to biology. Or, in terms of a further analogy, he asserted that as habits are to the individual, so folkways are to the group: they are mens customary acts. They have their origin in the repetition of the small acts that satisfy the fundamental needs all men fee...
Folkways thus become the human means of adjustment to the conditions of life. Certain ways of adjustment survive because they are expedient, but with time they tend to become more and more arbitrary, positive, and imperative in the compulsion they exert on people, and it is as if they exert social pressure to conformity in and of themselves. A nota...
Sumner presented practically all of his analysis of folkways and mores in the first two chapters of Folkways. The remaining four-fifths of the book is primarily a demonstration of the power of mores to make anything right and to prevent the condemnation of anything (1906, p. 52)slavery, cannibalism, asceticism, unusual sexual practices, and so on.
Other sociological concepts. Folkways ranks, by common agreement, as one of the most influential works in American sociology, despite the fact that it is not a systematic treatise. In addition to inventing and developing the concepts of folkways and mores, Sumner coined the now indispensable word ethnocentrism, made the contrast between in-group an...
The text-book of sociology Sumner began to write in 1899 was eventually published in 1927seventeen years after Sumner himself had diedas the first three volumes of The Science of Society, with Sumners disciple, Albert G. Keller, as coauthor. (The fourth volume, the Case-book, presented a compendium of ethnographic material used by Sumner and Keller...
The main body of the three volumes traces in detail the evolution of all mankinds major social institutions. It is precisely here that Sumners vast work fails, for he accepted assumptions commonly held by anthropologists at the turn of the century, when he began his work, but long since renounced by 1927, when the work was published. Sumner assumed...
Sumners style. In all stages of his career Sumner used language vividly. He perceived the strength of simple Anglo-Saxon words and the subtle complexities of Latin onesand when each could be most tellingly employed. On the first page of Folkways, for example, he made his point in terse language: The first task of life is to live and Men begin with ...
He used paradox effectively. An example is his phrase antagonistic cooperationby which he meant that people usually cooperate when it is necessary or advantageous but without yielding their self-interest. (Sumner renounced the idea of a social instinct; he considered it evident that antagonistic cooperation would, of itself, produce society.) He co...
To Sumner, sociology and anthropology were one; but even by the time of the publication of Folkways American sociology, with Ward, Giddings, Small, Cooley, and Thomas, was taking the psychological turn it followed for decades and American anthropology was beginning to follow the path Boas had begun to hew for itand this was neither the path of soci...
(1906) 1959 Folkways: A Study of the Sociological Importance of Usages, Manners, Customs, Mores, and Morals. New York: Dover. A paperback edition was published in 1960 by New American Library. 1927 SUMNER, William Graham; and KELLER, Albert G. The Science of Society. 4 vols. New Haven: Yale Univ. Press. All four volumes were begun by Sumner; he a...
The Challenge of Facts, and Other Essays. New Haven: Yale Univ. Press, 1914. A collection of essays, most of them previously published. Earth-hunger, and Other Essays. New Haven: Yale Univ. Press, 1913. A collection of essays, most of them previously published.
Lippert, Julius (1886-1887) 1931 The Evolution of Culture. Translated and edited by George P. Murdock. New York: Macmillan. First published as Kulturgeschichte der Menschheit in ihrem organischen Aufbau.
Murdock, George P. 1933 Lippert, Julius. Volume 9, pages 490-491 in Encyclopaedia of the Social Sciences. New York: Macmillan.
William Graham Sumner (October 30, 1840 – April 12, 1910) was an American historian, economist, and sociologist, famous for his strong support of laissez-faire economy, free markets, and anti-imperialism.
Arts. Educational magazines. Sumner, William Graham 1840-1910. views 3,888,679 updated. SUMNER, William Graham 1840-1910. PERSONAL: Born October 30, 1840, in Paterson, NJ; died April 12, 1910, in Englewood, NJ; son of Thomas (a mechanic) and Sarah (Graham) Sumner; married Jeannie (Whittemore) Elliott, 1871; children: Henry, Eliot, Graham.
The American social philosopher, economist, and cultural anthropologist William Graham Sumner was graduated from Yale in 1863 and continued his studies at Geneva, G ö ttingen, and Oxford, with the aim of entering the Episcopal ministry. He did so in 1867, having returned to America the preceding year.
