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From their homes in southern Scandinavia and northern Germany the tribes began expanding south, east and west during the 1st century BC, [33] and came into contact with the Celtic tribes of Gaul, as well as with Iranic, [34] Baltic, [35] and Slavic cultures in Central / Eastern Europe.
- Overview
- Rudolf of Habsburg
- Adolf of Nassau
- Albert I of Habsburg
- Henry VII of Luxembourg
The death of Frederick II in 1250 and of his son Conrad IV in 1254 heralded the irreversible decline of Hohenstaufen power in Germany and in the conjoint kingdoms of Naples and Sicily. Conrad’s infant son Conradin, heir to Naples and Sicily, remained in Germany under the guardianship of his Bavarian mother. His uncle Manfred seized the reins of gov...
When Richard died in 1272, the electoral princes were spurred into action by Pope Gregory X, who desired the election of a German monarch sympathetic toward a Crusade for the recovery of the Holy Land. The princes, dreading an overly powerful king, rejected the advances of Philip III of France and Otakar. In 1273 they chose instead Rudolf of Habsbu...
On the death of Rudolf I in 1291, the electors averted the danger of a hereditary Habsburg monarchy by choosing Count Adolf of Nassau as his successor. Adolf, possessing only a small patrimony to the south of the river Lahn, strengthened himself financially by promising military aid to, and receiving subsidies from, both sides in the then current A...
By raising the Habsburg Albert I (ruled 1298–1308) to the kingship, the electors placed themselves in jeopardy. The new ruler, backed by the ample resources of his Austrian dominions, was more powerful and unscrupulous than his predecessor. The electors regarded his treaty of friendship with Philip IV of France (1299) as a move to enlist French sup...
The princes, released from Albert’s heavy hand, sought a servant, not a master. Archbishop Baldwin of Trier sponsored the candidacy of his brother, Count Henry of Luxembourg, who was elected at Frankfurt am Main in 1308 as Henry VII. The house of Luxembourg (Luxemburg) was not a major territorial power, and Henry lost no time in exploiting his new ...
Kingdom of Germany. The Kingdom of Germany or German Kingdom ( Latin: regnum Teutonicorum 'kingdom of the Germans', regnum Teutonicum 'German kingdom', [1] regnum Alamanie "kingdom of Germany" [2]) was the mostly Germanic-speaking East Frankish kingdom, which was formed by the Treaty of Verdun in 843, especially after the kingship passed from ...
Germany - Colonization, East, Expansion: The history of Germany in the 12th and 13th centuries is one of ceaseless expansion. A conquering and colonizing movement burst across the river frontiers into the swamps and forests from Holstein to Silesia and overwhelmed the Slavic Wendish tribes between the Elbe and the Oder. Every force in German society took part: the princes, the prelates, new ...
The problem is at its extreme in the 13th century when marriage brings the rich kingdom of Sicily to the Hohenstaufen dynasty of German kings. For much of his reign Frederick II succeeds in controlling Germany, Italy and his favourite domain of Sicily, as well as going on crusade and becoming king of Jerusalem.
“The eleventh and twelfth centuries witness the growth of a strong government in central Europe. The Holy Roman Empire, as the union of Germany and the northern Italian principalities under a German emperor came to be known, temporarily asserts its authority even over the Church, and both are energetic patrons of the arts. By the thirteenth century, imperial power begins to decline, while ...
May 25, 2023 · This is a 15th-century wooden reproduction of the first spectacles produced in Germany in 1350.
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