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The Philippine–American War, known alternatively as the Philippine Insurrection, Filipino–American War, or Tagalog Insurgency, was fought between the First Philippine Republic and the United States from February 4, 1899, until July 2, 1902.
- Overview
- The end of Spanish rule and the First Philippine Republic
Philippine-American War, war between the United States and Filipino revolutionaries from 1899 to 1902, an insurrection that may be seen as a continuation of the Philippine Revolution against Spanish rule. It began after the United States assumed sovereignty of the Philippines following the defeat of Spain in the Spanish-American War. Although an en...
There had been numerous quasi-religious uprisings in the Philippines during the more than 300 years of colonial rule, but the late 19th-century writings of José Rizal and others helped stimulate a more broad-based movement for Philippine independence. Spain was unwilling to reform its colonial government, and armed rebellion broke out in 1896. Rizal, who had advocated reform but not revolution, was shot for sedition on December 30, 1896; his martyrdom fueled the revolution, led by the young general Emilio Aguinaldo.
Another movement for independence from Spanish rule was underway in Cuba, meanwhile. In March 1898, following the destruction of the USS Maine in Havana a month earlier, the United States sent an ultimatum to Spain demanding it accept U.S. arbitration and eventually relinquish its control of Cuba. In preparation for the likelihood of war against Spain, Assistant Secretary of the Navy Theodore Roosevelt placed the U.S. Asiatic squadron in Hong Kong on alert. When war was declared in April, Commodore George Dewey sailed from Hong Kong and defeated the Spanish fleet in Manila Bay on the morning of May 1, but he could not occupy Manila until ground troops arrived three months later.
In the meantime, on June 12, the Filipinos declared independence and proclaimed a provisional republic with Aguinaldo as president. Within days, on the other side of the Pacific, the American Anti-Imperialist League had begun to take shape. This organization, which opposed American involvement in the Philippines, grew into a mass movement that drew support from across the political spectrum. Its members included luminaries such as social reformer Jane Addams, industrialist Andrew Carnegie, philosopher William James, and author Mark Twain.
Britannica Quiz
A History of War
On August 13 Manila fell after a bloodless “battle.” Spanish Gov. Fermín Jáudenes had secretly arranged a surrender after a mock show of resistance to salvage his honour. American troops were in possession of the city, but Filipino insurgents controlled the rest of the country. The Treaty of Paris(1898), signed by representatives of Spain and the United States in December, transferred Philippine sovereignty from Spain to the United States. But the leaders of the nascent Philippine Republic, who were in actual control of the entire archipelago except Manila, did not recognize U.S. sovereignty over the islands. The United States, meanwhile, rejected Filipino claims of independence. Conflict was inevitable.
- The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica
May 26, 2020 · Learn about the conflict between the United States and Filipino revolutionaries from 1899 to 1902, and its impact on the Philippines' independence. Explore the causes, events, casualties, and legacy of the Philippine-American War.
- Robert Longley
Learn about the conflict between the United States and Filipino nationalists after the Spanish-American War, which resulted in over 20,000 deaths and colonial rule. Explore the causes, phases, and consequences of the war, as well as the U.S. policy of attraction and reform.
Contents. 1 Background. 1.1 Philippine Revolution. 1.2 Aguinaldo's exile and return. 2 War against the United States. 2.1 Conflict origins. 2.2 First Philippine Commission. 2.3 First shots. 2.4 Second Philippine Commission. 2.5 American escalation. 2.6 Philippine war strategy. 2.7 Guerrilla war phase.
The Philippine–American War, also known as the Philippine War of Independence or the Philippine Insurrection (1899–1902), [1] was an armed conflict between Filipino revolutionaries and the government of the United States which arose from the struggle of the First Philippine Republic to gain independence following the Philippines being acquired b...
Philippine-American War, or Philippine Insurrection, (1899–1902) War between the U.S. and Filipino revolutionaries, which may be seen as a continuation of the Philippine Revolution against Spanish rule. The Treaty of Paris (1898), which concluded the Spanish-American War, transferred Philippine sovereignty from Spain to the U.S.; but it was ...
