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The Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, [b] or the First Polish Republic, [c] [11] formally known as the Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, [d] or simply Poland–Lithuania, was a bi- confederal [12] state, sometimes called a federation, [13] of Poland and Lithuania ruled by a common monarch in real union, who was both King of ...
- Grand Duchy of Lithuania
The Grand Duchy of Lithuania was a sovereign state in...
- Crown of The Kingdom of Poland
The Crown of the Kingdom of Poland (Polish: Korona Królestwa...
- Stanisław August Poniatowski
Stanisław II August (born Stanisław Antoni Poniatowski; 17...
- Sigismund II
Sigismund II Augustus (Polish: Zygmunt II August,...
- Partitions of Poland
The Partitions of Poland were three partitions of the...
- Grand Duchy of Lithuania
The Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, formally known as the Crown of the Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and, after 1791, the Commonwealth of Poland, was a state of Poland and Lithuania that was ruled by a common monarch.
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Golden Liberty
The political doctrine of the Commonwealth of Both Nations was our state is a republic under the presidency of the King. Chancellor Jan Zamoyski summed up this doctrine when he said that "Rex regnat et non gubernat" ("The King reigns but does not govern"). The Commonwealth had a parliament, the Sejm, as well as a Senat and an elected king. The king was obliged to respect citizens' rights specified in King Henry's Articles as well as in pacta conventanegotiated at the time of his election. The...
The political players
The major players in the politics of the Commonwealth were: 1. monarchs, who struggled to expand their power and create an absolute monarchy. 2. magnates, the wealthiest of the szlachta, who wanted to rule the country as a privileged oligarchy, and to dominate both the monarch and the poorer nobles. 3. szlachta, who desired a strengthening of the Sejm and rule of the country as a democracy of the szlachta. The magnates and the szlachtawere far from united, with many factions supporting either...
Shortcomings of the Commonwealth
Once the Jagiellonshad disappeared from the scene in 1572, the fragile equilibrium of the Commonwealth's government began to shake. Power increasingly slipped away from the central government to the nobility. In their periodic opportunities to fill the throne, the szlachta exhibited a preference for foreign candidates who would not found another strong dynasty. This policy often produced monarchs who were either totally ineffective or in constant debilitating conflict with the nobility. Furth...
The economy of the Commonwealth was dominated by feudal agriculture based on exploitation of agricultural workforce (serfs). Slavery in Poland was forbidden in the fifteenth century; in Lithuania, slavery was formally abolished in 1588, but replaced by the second enserfment. Typically a nobleman's landholding comprised a folwark, a large farm worke...
The Commonwealth was an important European center for the development of modern social and political ideas. It was famous for its rare quasi-democratic political system, praised by philosophers such as Erasmus; and, during the Counter-Reformation, was known for near-unparalleled religious tolerance, with peacefully coexisting Catholic, Jewish, East...
The lands that once belonged to the Commonwealth are now largely distributed among several Central and East European countries: Poland, Ukraine, Moldova (Transnistria), Belarus, Russia, Lithuania, Latvia, and Estonia. Also some small towns in Slovakia, then within the Kingdom of Hungary, became a part of Poland in the Treaty of Lubowla. While the t...
Adams, John. The Political Writings of John Adams. Washington, DC: Regnery Gateway, 2001. ISBN 0895262924.Ališauskas, V., and L. Jovaiša, M. Paknys, R. Petrauskas, E. Raila, and others. Lietuvos Didžiosios Kunigaikštijos kultūra. Tyrinėjimai ir vaizdai, 2001. ISBN 9955445262.Anderson, Perry. Lineages of the Absolutist State. Verso, 1985, ISBN 086091710X.Barbour, Stephen, and Cathie Carmichael. Language and Nationalism in Europe. Oxford University Press, 2000. ISBN 0199250855.All links retrieved November 24, 2022. 1. (Belarusian) History of Belarus 9–18 centuries through original documents(Original documents are in various languages, mostly Ruthenian)
The history of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth (1569–1648) covers a period in the history of Poland and Lithuania, before their joint state was subjected to devastating wars in the mid-17th century.
Social and political structure. Poland, 1634. Poland's territory in 1634, during the reign of Władysław IV Vasa. The dual Polish-Lithuanian state, Respublica, or “Commonwealth” (Polish: Rzeczpospolita), was one of the largest states in Europe.
The Sejm of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth was established by the Union of Lublin in 1569 and merged the Sejm of the Kingdom of Poland and the Seimas of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. Both countries had centuries-long tradition of public participation in policy making, traced to the Slavic assembly known as the wiec . [8]
Jul 24, 2012 · The Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth—also called the Commonwealth of Both Nations, Poland-Lithuania, the Commonwealth, or, pars pro toto, simply Poland—was at first a dynastic (till 1569) and then a federal multiethnic and multireligious union of the Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, lasting from 1386 to 1795.
