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The Constitution of the German Confederation or German Federal Act (German: Deutsche Bundesakte) was the constitution enacted the day before the Congress of Vienna's Final Act, which established the German Confederation of 39 states, created from the previous 360 states of the Holy Roman Empire, under the presidency of the Emperor of Austria ...
- Economic Collaboration: The Customs Union
- Vormärz and Nineteenth-Century Liberalism
- First Efforts at Unification
- Founding A Unified State
- War with France
- Political and Administrative Unification
- Beyond The Political Mechanism: Forming A Nation
- References
- External Links
Another institution key to unifying the German states, the Zollverein, helped to create a larger sense of economic unification. Initially conceived in 1818 by the Prussian Finance Minister, Hans, Count von Bülow, as a Prussian customs union the Zollverein linked the many Prussian and Hohenzollern territories. Over the ensuing thirty plus years othe...
The period of Austrian and Prussian police-states and vast censorship before the Revolutions of 1848 in Germany later became widely known as the Vormärz, the "before March", referring to March 1848. During this period, European liberalism gained momentum; the agenda included economic, social, and political issues. Most European liberals in the Vorm...
Crucially, both the Wartburg rally in 1817 and the Hambach Festival in 1832 had lacked any clear-cut program of unification. At Hambach, the positions of the many speakers illustrated their disparate agendas. Held together only by the idea of unification, their notions of how to achieve this did not include specific plans but instead rested on the ...
By 1862, when Bismarck made his speech, the idea of a German nation-state in the peaceful spirit of Pan-Germanism had shifted from the liberal and democratic character of 1848 to accommodate Bismarck's more conservative Realpolitik. Bismarck sought to link a unified state to the Hohenzollern dynasty, which for some historians remains one of Bismarc...
By 1870 three of the important lessons of the Austro-Prussian war had become apparent. The first lesson was that, through force of arms, a powerful state could challenge the old alliances and spheres of influence established in 1815. Second, through diplomatic maneuvering, a skillful leader could create an environment in which a rival state would d...
The new German Empire included 25 states, three of them Hanseatic cities. It realized the Kleindeutsche Lösung ("Lesser German Solution", with the exclusion of Austria) as opposed to a Großdeutsche Lösungor "Greater German Solution", which would have included Austria. Unifying various states into one nation required more than some military victorie...
If the Wartburg and Hambach rallies had lacked a constitution and administrative apparatus, that problem was addressed between 1867 and 1871. Yet, as Germans discovered, grand speeches, flags, and enthusiastic crowds, a constitution, a political reorganization, and the provision of an imperial superstructure; and the revised Customs Union of 1867–6...
Berghahn, Volker. Modern Germany: Society, Economy and Politics in the Twentieth Century. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1982. ISBN 978-0521347488Berenger, Jean. A History of the Habsburg Empire 1700–1918. C. Simpson, Trans. New York: Longman, 1997. ISBN 0582090075Blackbourn, David. Marpingen: apparitions of the Virgin Mary in Bismarckian Germany. New York: Knopf, 1994. ISBN 0679418431Blackbourn, David. The long nineteenth century: a history of Germany, 1780–1918. New York: Oxford University Press, 1998. ISBN 0195076729All links retrieved April 8, 2020. 1. Documents of German Unification 2. Bismarck and the Unification of Germany
Following the defeat of Napoleon in 1815, the German Confederation, composed of thirty-nine sovereign states, emerged to take the place of the Holy Roman Empire. However, the German Confederation resembled a treaty community more so than a political union.
May 17, 2024 · Overview. German Confederation. Quick Reference. (1815–66) An alliance of German sovereign states. At the Congress of Vienna (1815) the 38 German states formed a loose grouping to protect themselves against French ambitions. Austria and Prussia lay partly within and partly outside the Confederation.
German Federal Act (June 8, 1815) Abstract The general agreement between the German states on the founding of the German Confederation was first signed by thirty-five individual states and four free cities (Lübeck, Hamburg, Bremen, and Frankfurt) on June 8, 1815, during the Congress of Vienna. Soon thereafter, Baden, Württemberg, and Hesse-
Nov 21, 2023 · The first unification of Germany occurred in 1871 after Prussia's victory in the Franco-Prussian War. In this unification, most of the German-speaking states of Europe united under the...
May 12, 2023 · 18 January 1871: The proclamation of the German Empire in the Hall of Mirrors at the Palace of Versailles. Image Credit: Anton von Werner, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons. Otto von Bismarck, often referred to as the “Iron Chancellor,” was the mastermind behind the unification of Germany.
