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What was the relationship between Poland and Lithuania before the Union of Lublin?
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Why did Lithuania join Poland in 1569?
The Grand Duchy of Lithuania within the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth c. 1635 The preservation of the Great Seal of Lithuania (pictured, dating to 1623) when concluding the Union of Lublin meant that the elected monarchs acts without being confirmed with the Lithuanian seals were void in Lithuania.
In 1385, the Grand Duchy formed a dynastic union with Poland through the Union of Krewo. Later, the Union of Lublin (1569) created the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. During the Second Northern War, the Grand Duchy sought protection under the Swedish Empire through the Union of Kėdainiai in 1655.
LUBLIN, UNION OF (1569). Poland 's union with the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, signed in Lublin on 1 July 1569, was the final stage of the process begun at Krewo on 14 August 1385, by which the grand duke of Lithuania, Jogaila (who became King W ł adys ł aw II Jagie łł o of Poland), pledged to associate ( applicare in Latin) the territories of ...
- History
- Aftermath
- References
Background
There were long discussions before signing the treaty, as Lithuanian magnates were afraid of losing much of their powers, since the union would make their status equal in the eyes of law with that of the much more numerous lower nobility. However Lithuania faced the threat of total defeat in the Livonian war against Russia and incorporation into Muscovite Russia, and Polish nobility was reluctant to offer help to Lithuania without receiving anything in exchange. In addition to the Polish nobi...
Sejm of 1567
Sejm met in January 1567 near the Polish town of Lublin, and had not reached an agreement. In protest to heavy enforcement to sign the Act by Poles, Lithuanians under leadership of Vilnius voivod Mikołaj "Rudy" Radziwiłł left Lublin on March 1, fearing that Zygmunt II August would make decision on his own. After that, on March 26, King was forced by szlachta to incorporate southern Lithuanian-controlled lands of Podlachia, Volhynia, Podolia and the Kiev regions into the Crown of Poland. These...
Military
Poland provided military aid in that war after the union of the two entities, but did not return the previously annexed territories. Lithuania had to recognize incorporation of Podlachia, Volhynia, Podolia and the Kiev regions into Poland.
Political
The Union of Lublin was Zygmunt's greatest achievement and greatest failure. Although it created the largest state in contemporary Europe that would endure for over 200 years, Zygmunt failed to push through the reforms that would create a workable political system. He hoped to strengthen the monarchy with the support of the lesser nobility, and balance the power of lesser nobility and magnates. However although all nobility in Commonwealth was in theory equal in terms of law, the magnates pol...
Cultural
After the Union, Lithuanian nobles had the same formal rights as Polish to rule the lands and subjects under their control. However, political advancement in the Catholic dominated Commonwealth, was a different matter. In culture and social life, however, both the Polish language and Catholicism became dominant for the Ruthenian nobility, most of which were initially Ruthenian speaking and Eastern Orthodox by religion (see Polonization). However the commoners, especially peasants, who aggrava...
Dembkowski, Harry E. The Union of Lublin, Polish Federalism in the Golden Age. East European monographs, no. 116. Boulder: East European Monographs, 1982.Krasinski, Henryk. Sketch of the Union of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania with Poland, Polish Aristocracy, Samogitia, and Polish Titles. London: Simpkin, Marshall, 1842.Lukowski, Jerzy, and W. H. Zawadzki. A Concise History of Poland. Cambridge concise histories. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press, 2001. ISBN 9780521551090The Grand Duchy of Lithuania was a sovereign state in northeastern Europe that existed from the 13th century, succeeding the Kingdom of Lithuania, to the late 18th century, when the territory was suppressed during the 1795 partitions of Poland–Lithuania.
The act of the Union agreed between the Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania at the Sejm (state parliament) meeting in Lublin, on 1 July 1569, constituted one of the legal foundations of the Commonwealth, called also Res Publica (Republic); another one was the Henrician Articles, which included the Warsaw Confederation of 1573.
The Union of Lublin ( Polish: Unia lubelska; Lithuanian: Liublino unija) was signed on 1 July 1569 in Lublin, Poland, and created a single state, the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, one of the largest countries in Europe at the time.
