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General Format. In-Text Citations: The Basics. In-Text Citations: Author/Authors. Footnotes and Endnotes. Reference List: Basic Rules. Reference List: Author/Authors. Reference List: Articles in Periodicals. Reference List: Books. Reference List: Other Print Sources.
- General Format
Please see our Sample APA Paper resource to see an example...
- APA Sample Paper
Media Files: APA Sample Student Paper , APA Sample...
- In-Text Citations: The Basics
The equivalent resource for the older APA 6 style can be...
- Reference List: Electronic Sources
The equivalent resource for the older APA 6 style can be...
- Reference List: Books
The following contains a list of the most commonly cited...
- Reference List: Articles in Periodicals
Please note: the following contains a list of the most...
- Reference List: Author/Authors
Two or More Works by the Same Author in the Same Year. If...
- APA Headings and Seriation
In APA Style, the Introduction section never gets a heading...
- Reference List: Other Print Sources
Important Note: Because the 7 th edition of the APA...
- APA Tables and Figures
The equivalent resources for the older APA 6 style can be...
- General Format
- Apa In-Text Citations
- Apa References
- Formatting The Apa Reference Page
- Free Lecture Slides
The basics
In-text citations are brief references in the running text that direct readers to the reference entry at the end of the paper. You include them every time you quote or paraphrase someone else’s ideas or words to avoid plagiarism. An APA in-text citation consists of the author’s last name and the year of publication (also known as the author-date system). If you’re citing a specific part of a source, you should also include a locator such as a page number or timestamp. For example: (Smith, 202...
Parenthetical vs. narrative citation
The in-text citation can take two forms: parenthetical and narrative. Both types are generated automatically when citing a source with Scribbr’s APA Citation Generator. 1. Parenthetical citation: According to new research … (Smith, 2020). 2. Narrative citation: Smith (2020)notes that …
Multiple authors and corporate authors
The in-text citation changes slightly when a source has multiple authors or an organization as an author. Pay attention to punctuation and the use of the ampersand (&) symbol.
The basics
APA references generally include information about the author, publication date, title, and source. Depending on the type of source, you may have to include extra information that helps your reader locate the source.
Reference examples
Citing a source starts with choosing the correct reference format. Use Scribbr’s Citation Example Generator to learn more about the format for the most common source types. Pay close attention to punctuation, capitalization, and italicization. Generate APA citations for free
Missing information
It is not uncommon for certain information to be unknown or missing, especially with sources found online. In these cases, the reference is slightly adjusted.
The basics
On the reference page, you list all the sources that you’ve cited throughout your paper. Place the page right after the main body and before any appendices. On the first line of the page, write the section label “References” (in bold and centered). On the second line, start listing your references in alphabetical order. Apply these formatting guidelines to the APA reference page: 1. Double spacing (within and between references) 2. Hanging indent of ½ inch 3. Legible font (e.g. Times New Roma...
Which sources to include
On the reference page, you only include sources that you have cited in the text (with an in-text citation). You should not include references to personal communicationsthat your reader can’t access (e.g. emails, phone conversations or private online material).
Are you a teacher or professor looking to introduce your students to APA Style? Download our free introductory lecture slides, available for Google Slides and Microsoft PowerPoint. Open Google SlidesDownload PowerPoint
- (Smith, 2020)
- (Smith et al., 2020)
- (Scribbr, 2020)
- (Smith & Jones, 2020)
Basic Principles of Citation. APA Style uses the author–date citation system, in which a brief in-text citation directs readers to a full reference list entry. The in-text citation appears within the body of the paper (or in a table, figure, footnote, or appendix) and briefly identifies the cited work by its author and date of publication.
Nov 6, 2020 · Revised on January 17, 2024. This article reflects the APA 7th edition guidelines. Click here for APA 6th edition guidelines. The 7th edition of the APA Publication Manual provides guidelines for clear communication, citing sources, and formatting documents. This article focuses on paper formatting.
- How do I set up APA format in Word?The easiest way to set up APA format in Word is to download Scribbr’s free APA format template for student papers or professional papers. Alter...
- What font and font size is used in APA format?APA Style papers should be written in a font that is legible and widely accessible. For example: Times New Roman (12pt.) Arial (11pt.) Calibri (11...
- How do I cite in APA format?You need an APA in-text citation and reference entry . Each source type has its own format; for example, a webpage citation is different from...
- Should I include page numbers on every page?Yes, page numbers are included on all pages, including the title page , table of contents , and reference page . Page numbers should be right-al...
- Who uses APA Style?APA format is widely used by professionals, researchers, and students in the social and behavioral sciences, including fields like education, psyc...
In-text citations are covered in the seventh edition APA Style manuals in the Publication Manual Chapter 8 and the Concise Guide Chapter 8. Date created: September 2019. APA Style provides guidelines to help writers determine the appropriate level of citation and how to avoid plagiarism and self-plagiarism.
APA (American Psychological Association) style is most commonly used to cite sources within the social sciences. This resource, revised according to the 7 th edition of the APA manual, offers examples for the general format of APA research papers, in-text citations, endnotes/footnotes, and the reference page.
APA Style. Write With Clarity, Precision, and Inclusion. APA Style is used by writers in many disciplines around the world for concise, powerful, and persuasive scholarly communication. About APA style 7th Edition now available. Inclusive Language Guide. APA has released its second edition of the Inclusive Language Guide.
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related to: What are APA-style citations?Get APA-style citations easily with a citation generator built by expert linguists. 94% of students say Grammarly Premium helped improve their grades.
