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Answered Apr 08, 2020 · 3 votes
To a python user? Probably not a lot. Options are parsed into the DSL object model (FileDescriptorSet), and can be used by whatever tool is processing the schema. The "go" processor presumably uses that option to determine a package/namespace/etc. The python processor, on the other hand, probably isn't remotely interested. There is no "py" equivalent, so I presume it isn't needed for python. As for what is does: from descriptor.proto:
- // Sets the Go package where structs generated from this .proto will be // placed. If omitted, the Go package will be derived from the following: // - The basename of the package import path, if provided. // - Otherwise, the package statement in the .proto file, if present. // - Otherwise, the basename of the .proto file, without extension. optional string go_package = 11;
Different options do different things; descriptor.proto is usually the best source for what inbuilt options exist (and what they do), however custom options can be defined by 3rd party tools.
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Top Answer
Answered Jul 16, 2013 · 4 votes
TL;DR; Unless you have a really imperative reason to organize your data in a different way just go with the relational DBMS option instead of trying to reinvent the wheel.
In terms of data a relational database is, almost always, the best option. Is been optimized for searching and has a relatively good performance for inserts and updates while at the same time maintaining a reasonable level of structure, as well as adhering to a series of normal forms to enforce structure and good design decisions.
A "data" "base" is always required when you're storing data in a structured organized way. So you'll always need a database, the actual implementation of the database and the way the information is organized is called DBMS (database management system) and in that sense you have a lot of options.
Out of the top of my mind, in terms of the way the database is organized you have non-relational databases (usually called NO-SQL database)
- Document-oriented databases.
- Graph Databases
- Key Value Store databases
to quote a few.
You have several relational DBMS at your disposal:
- Oracle
- Sql Server
- Postgree SQL
- MySql
- Sqllite
And even other kind of DBMS which are not generic but application specific.
In general, your choice of the backend database should be determined by your necessities now and what you think you'll need in the future in terms of:
- The data that you're going to maintain and manage
- How you think about the data
- Performance restrictions and non functional requirements.
- The level of familiarity of you team with the new technology versus the well know relational-sql pair.
- The logical organization of the data and how you plan to access it.
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Top Answer
Answered Dec 20, 2022 · 0 votes
Microsoft has very little documentation on their .iqy (or a Excel Web Query - Internet Inquiry) file and nothing about their allowed options or format. This because the .iqy file is normally created from a VBA Web Query output. But, if you reference the VBA QueryTable documentation instead and do some translation, you'll find this (simplified here):
Note: There are other .iqy options like SharePointApplication but aren't prefixed with "Web" and therefore weren't added to this list. You can find the rest of them under Properties.
An example Web .iqy file is formatted in this style:
WEB1https://www.example.com/file.csvSelection=1Formatting=NonePreFormattedTextToColumns=TrueConsecutiveDelimitersAsOne=TrueSingleBlockTextImport=FalseDisableDateRecognition=FalseDisableRedirections=False
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Top Answer
Answered Mar 04, 2013 · 106 votes
My favorite answer is as what the first sentence in this thread suggested. Use an Adjacency List to maintain the hierarchy and use Nested Sets to query the hierarchy.
The problem up until now has been that the coversion method from an Adjacecy List to Nested Sets has been frightfully slow because most people use the extreme RBAR method known as a "Push Stack" to do the conversion and has been considered to be way to expensive to reach the Nirvana of the simplicity of maintenance by the Adjacency List and the awesome performance of Nested Sets. As a result, most people end up having to settle for one or the other especially if there are more than, say, a lousy 100,000 nodes or so. Using the push stack method can take a whole day to do the conversion on what MLM'ers would consider to be a small million node hierarchy.
I thought I'd give Celko a bit of competition by coming up with a method to convert an Adjacency List to Nested sets at speeds that just seem impossible. Here's the performance of the push stack method on my i5 laptop.
Duration for 1,000 Nodes = 00:00:00:870 Duration for 10,000 Nodes = 00:01:01:783 (70 times slower instead of just 10)Duration for 100,000 Nodes = 00:49:59:730 (3,446 times slower instead of just 100) Duration for 1,000,000 Nodes = 'Didn't even try this'
And here's the duration for the new method (with the push stack method in parenthesis).
Duration for 1,000 Nodes = 00:00:00:053 (compared to 00:00:00:870)Duration for 10,000 Nodes = 00:00:00:323 (compared to 00:01:01:783)Duration for 100,000 Nodes = 00:00:03:867 (compared to 00:49:59:730)Duration for 1,000,000 Nodes = 00:00:54:283 (compared to something like 2 days!!!)
Yes, that's correct. 1 million nodes converted in less than a minute and 100,000 nodes in under 4 seconds.
You can read about the new method and get a copy of the code at the following URL. http://www.sqlservercentral.com/articles/Hierarchy/94040/
I also developed a "pre-aggregated" hierarchy using similar methods. MLM'ers and people making bills of materials will be particularly interested in this article. http://www.sqlservercentral.com/articles/T-SQL/94570/
If you do stop by to take a look at either article, jump into the "Join the discussion" link and let me know what you think.
Other Answers
Answered Mar 29, 2023 · 43 votes
Adjacency Model + Nested Sets Model
I went for it because I could insert new items to the tree easily (you just need a branch's id to insert a new item to it) and also query it quite fast.
+-------------+----------------------+--------+-----+-----+| category_id | name | parent | lft | rgt |+-------------+----------------------+--------+-----+-----+| 1 | ELECTRONICS | NULL | 1 | 20 || 2 | TELEVISIONS | 1 | 2 | 9 || 3 | TUBE | 2 | 3 | 4 || 4 | LCD | 2 | 5 | 6 || 5 | PLASMA | 2 | 7 | 8 || 6 | PORTABLE ELECTRONICS | 1 | 10 | 19 || 7 | MP3 PLAYERS | 6 | 11 | 14 || 8 | FLASH | 7 | 12 | 13 || 9 | CD PLAYERS | 6 | 15 | 16 || 10 | 2 WAY RADIOS | 6 | 17 | 18 |+-------------+----------------------+--------+-----+-----+
- ["Every time you need all children of any parent you just query the parent "," column."]
- ["If you needed all descendants of any parent you query for items which have their lft "," between lft "," and rgt "," of parent."]
- ["If you needed all parents of any node up to the root of the tree, you query for items having lft "," lower than the node's lft "," and rgt "," bigger than the node's rgt "," and sort the by parent ","."]
I needed to make accessing and querying the tree faster than inserts, that's why I chose this
The only problem is to fix the left and right columns when inserting new items. well I created a stored procedure for it and called it every time I inserted a new item which was rare in my case but it is really fast. I got the idea from the Joe Celko's book, and the stored procedure and how I came up with it is explained here in DBA SE https://dba.stackexchange.com/q/89051/41481
Although this solution allows for rapid searches to locate descendants, it is not ideal for handling large datasets that require frequent inserts or deletes due to its slow performance in these operations. Therefore, it is best suited for tables that won't chnage frequently.
Other Answers
Answered Jun 20, 2020 · 41 votes
This design was not mentioned yet:
Multiple lineage columns
Though it has limitations, if you can bear them, it's very simple and very efficient. Features:
- Columns: one for each lineage level, refers to all the parents up to the root, levels below the current items' level are set to 0 (or NULL)
- There is a fixed limit to how deep the hierarchy can be
- Cheap ancestors, descendants, level
- Cheap insert, delete, move of the leaves
- Expensive insert, delete, move of the internal nodes
Here follows an example - taxonomic tree of birds so the hierarchy is Class/Order/Family/Genus/Species - species is the lowest level, 1 row = 1 taxon (which corresponds to species in the case of the leaf nodes):
CREATE TABLE `taxons` ( `TaxonId` smallint(6) NOT NULL default '0', `ClassId` smallint(6) default NULL, `OrderId` smallint(6) default NULL, `FamilyId` smallint(6) default NULL, `GenusId` smallint(6) default NULL, `Name` varchar(150) NOT NULL default '');
and the example of the data:
+---------+---------+---------+----------+---------+-------------------------------+| TaxonId | ClassId | OrderId | FamilyId | GenusId | Name |+---------+---------+---------+----------+---------+-------------------------------+| 254 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | Aves || 255 | 254 | 0 | 0 | 0 | Gaviiformes || 256 | 254 | 255 | 0 | 0 | Gaviidae || 257 | 254 | 255 | 256 | 0 | Gavia || 258 | 254 | 255 | 256 | 257 | Gavia stellata || 259 | 254 | 255 | 256 | 257 | Gavia arctica || 260 | 254 | 255 | 256 | 257 | Gavia immer || 261 | 254 | 255 | 256 | 257 | Gavia adamsii || 262 | 254 | 0 | 0 | 0 | Podicipediformes || 263 | 254 | 262 | 0 | 0 | Podicipedidae || 264 | 254 | 262 | 263 | 0 | Tachybaptus |
This is great because this way you accomplish all the needed operations in a very easy way, as long as the internal categories don't change their level in the tree.
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When we create React Native apps, there are several ways to store or persist data. Each storage method has its own strong advantage. In this article, we will discuss the all popular ways to persist data in our React Native application.
Before discussing methods of persistent data you should have basic knowledge of JavaScript and React/React Native. You should understand how to use libraries and configuration in your React Native application to persist data.
Prerequisite:
- Basic knowledge of JavaScript library
- Basic knowledge of React native application
Methods of persisting data in React Native:
React Native provides several ways to persist data. Here we discuss the most popular ways. Some methods are inbuilt libraries that you have to install and use and others are external plugins. The following methods are popular for persisting data in React Native.
1. AsyncStorage: It is officially a way to persist data in React Native applications. This is given by the React native in their Documentation. Basically, AsyncStorage functions like a storage class and it gets key-value pairs to persist data...
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protobuf.dev › programming-guides › proto3Language Guide (proto 3) | Protocol Buffers Documentation
protobuf.dev › programming-guides › proto3Individual declarations in a .proto file can be annotated with a number of options. Options do not change the overall meaning of a declaration, but may affect the way it is handled in a particular context.
stackoverflow.com › questions › 42622015How to define an optional field in protobuf 3 - Stack Overflow
stackoverflow.com › questions › 42622015Mar 6, 2017 · Since protobuf release 3.15, proto3 supports using the optional keyword (just as in proto2) to give a scalar field presence information. int32 bar = 1; optional int32 baz = 2; A has_baz() / hasBaz() method is generated for the optional field above, just as it was in proto2.
Code sample
message Foo {int32 bar = 1;google.protobuf.Int32Value baz = 2;}protobuf.dev › reference › protobufProtocol Buffers Version 3 Language Specification
protobuf.dev › reference › protobufOptions can be used in proto files, messages, enums and services. An option can be a protobuf defined option or a custom option. For more information, see Options in the language guide.
protobuf.dev › getting-started › cpptutorialProtocol Buffer Basics: C++ | Protocol Buffers Documentation
protobuf.dev › getting-started › cpptutorialThis tutorial provides a basic C++ programmers introduction to working with protocol buffers. By walking through creating a simple example application, it shows you how to. Define message formats in a .proto file. Use the protocol buffer compiler. Use the C++ protocol buffer API to write and read messages. This isn’t a comprehensive guide to ...
codethecoffee.github.io › proto-cheatsheetProtocol Buffers for (Coding) Dummies | A slightly more ...
codethecoffee.github.io › proto-cheatsheetYour C++ program doesn’t know what to do with a .proto file. The protocol buffer compiler (also referred to as protoc) does its magic and generates the code file in whatever programming language you specify. After you download everything you need and have all your .proto files ready to go, invoke the compiler in your terminal with the command ...
protobuf.com › docs › language-specLanguage Specification | The Protobuf Language
protobuf.com › docs › language-specProtobuf is a platform-agnostic and implementation-language-agnostic way of describing data structures and RPC interfaces. Tools can then generate code in a variety of implementation languages for interacting with these structures and for consuming and exposing RPC services.
People also ask
What are options in a proto file?
- An option may be provided to use the numeric value of the enum value instead. Individual declarations in a .proto file can be annotated with a number of options. Options do not change the overall meaning of a declaration, but may affect the way it is handled in a particular context.
Language Guide (proto 3) | Protocol Buffers Documentation
protobuf.dev/programming-guides/proto3/What is an example of a proto import statement?
- Example: The import statement is used to import another .proto’s definitions. Example: The package specifier can be used to prevent name clashes between protocol message types. Example: Options can be used in proto files, messages, enums and services. An option can be a protobuf defined option or a custom option.
Protocol Buffers Version 3 Language Specification
protobuf.dev/reference/protobuf/proto3-spec/How do I annotate a declaration in a proto file?
- Individual declarations in a .proto file can be annotated with a number of options. Options do not change the overall meaning of a declaration, but may affect the way it is handled in a particular context. The complete list of available options is defined in /google/protobuf/descriptor.proto.
Language Guide (proto 3) | Protocol Buffers Documentation
protobuf.dev/programming-guides/proto3/Which statement is used to define a Protobuf version?
- The syntax statement is used to define the protobuf version. Example: The import statement is used to import another .proto’s definitions. Example: The package specifier can be used to prevent name clashes between protocol message types. Example: Options can be used in proto files, messages, enums and services.
Protocol Buffers Version 3 Language Specification
protobuf.dev/reference/protobuf/proto3-spec/protobuf.com › docs › descriptorsCompilation and Descriptors | The Protobuf Language
protobuf.com › docs › descriptorsCompilation Process. A Protobuf compiler implementation will generally have the following phases. The first two steps are described in detail in the Language Specification. Lexical Analysis: This step breaks up the bytes in a source file into a stream of lexical elements called tokens.
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