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Mar 2, 2021 · The raphe nuclei, which are neuronal aggregates divided into paired nuclei along the brainstem, perform vital functions related to stimulus responsiveness, sleep, and wakefulness. However, the most important and best known of all is the release of the neurotransmitter serotonin. The brain is the most-studied organ.
The dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN) is a heterogeneous brainstem nucleus, located in mammals in the lateral and ventral (including midline) parts of the periaqueductal gray matter (PAG) of the midbrain. It is one of two midbrain raphe nuclei, the other one being the central superior nucleus. Other raphe nuclei are located in the pons and medulla.
Nucleus raphe obscurus. Section of the medulla oblongata at about the middle of the olive. (Raphe nuclei not labeled, but 'raphe' labeled at left.) The nucleus raphe obscurus, despite the implications of its name, has some very specific functions and connections of afferent and efferent nature. The nucleus raphes obscurus projects to the ...
Aug 27, 2013 · Activity level of the raphe nuclei is also modulated; it is increased under inescapable shocks (Grahn et al., 1999; Takase et al., 2004). Forced swimming induced an increase or decrease in 5-HT levels, as measured by microdialysis, depending on the brain region examined; its levels increased in the striatum, but decreased in the amygdala and ...
Aug 14, 2019 · The dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN) is an important source of neuromodulators and has been implicated in a wide variety of behavioral and neurological disorders. The DRN is subdivided into distinct anatomical subregions comprised of multiple cell types, and its complex cellular organization has impeded efforts to investigate the distinct circuit and ...
Aug 14, 2019 · The dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN) is a major source of neuromodulators in the central nervous system, and is the largest of the serotonergic nuclei, containing approximately a third of all serotonergic neurons (5-HT neurons) in the brain ( Hornung, 2010 ). DRN 5-HT neurons send highly divergent projections that target many functionally distinct ...
The reticular formation is a set of interconnected nuclei that are located in the brainstem, hypothalamus, and other regions. It is not anatomically well defined, because it includes neurons located in different parts of the brain. The neurons of the reticular formation make up a complex set of networks in the core of the brainstem that extend ...
