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The Islamic Republic of Iran began with the Iranian Revolution. The first major demonstrations to overthrow Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi began in January 1978. The new theocratic Constitution—whereby Khomeini became Supreme Leader of the country—was approved in December 1979.
The Iranian Revolution, also known as the Islamic Revolution, was the revolution that transformed Iran from an absolute monarchy under Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi to an Islamic republic under Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini, one of the leaders of the revolution and founder of the Islamic Republic.
On April 1, following overwhelming support in a national referendum, Khomeini declared Iran an Islamic republic. Elements within the clergy promptly moved to exclude their former left-wing, nationalist, and intellectual allies from any positions of power in the new regime, and a return to conservative social values was enforced.
After the Iranian Revolution, the monarchy was overthrown in 1979 and the Islamic Republic of Iran was established by The Grand Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini, who became the country's first Supreme Leader. The forces of Saddam Hussein invaded in 1980, initiating the 8-year-long Iran-Iraq War.
- Overview
- History of Iran
- The advent of Islam (640–829)
This article discusses the history of Iran from 640 ce to the present. For the history of the region before the 7th century, see ancient Iran.
This article discusses the history of Iran from 640 ce to the present. For the history of the region before the 7th century, see ancient Iran.
The Arab invasion of Iran made a break with the past that affected not only Iran but all of western Asia and resulted in the assimilation of peoples who shaped and vitalized Muslim culture. (See also Islamic world.) The Prophet Muhammad had made Medina, his adopted city, and Mecca, his birthplace, centres of an Arabian movement that Muslim Arabs developed into a world movement through the conquest of Iranian and Byzantine territories. Neither Sasanian Iran nor the Byzantine Empire had been unfamiliar to those Arabs who were the former’s Lakhmid and the latter’s Ghassānid vassals, the frontier guardians of the two empires against fellow Arabs who roamed deeper in the Arabian Desert. Also, Meccan and Medinese Arabs had established commercial connections with the Byzantines and Sasanids. The immunity of Mecca’s ancient sanctuary, the Kaʿbah, against outlawry and outrage had promoted this city’s commercial importance. The Kaʿbah was cleansed of idols by Muhammad, who had himself once been engaged in commerce. He made it the sanctuary of a monotheistic faith whose sacred writings were filled with the injunctions and prohibitions needed by a business community for secure and stable trading.
Arab tribalism beyond urban fringes was less easily broken than idols. It was embedded in the desert sparsity that led to warfare and carefully counting a tribe’s male offspring. After Mecca and Medina had become Muslim, it was essential that the Muslims win the desert Arabs’ allegiance in order to secure the routes they depended on for trade and communication. In the process of doing this, wars over water holes, scanty pastures, men-at-arms, and camels were enlarged into international campaigns of expansion.
The vulnerability of Sasanian Iran assisted the expansionist process. In 623 the Byzantine emperor Heraclius reversed Persian successes over Roman arms—namely, by capturing Jerusalem in 614 and winning at Chalcedon in 617. His victim, Khosrow Parvīz, died in 628 and left Iran prey to a succession of puppet rulers who were frequently deposed by a combination of nobles and Zoroastrian clergy. Thus, when Yazdegerd III, Iran’s last Sasanid and Zoroastrian sovereign, came to the throne in 632, the year of Muhammad’s death, he inherited an empire weakened by Byzantine wars and internal dissension.
The former Arab vassals on the empire’s southwestern border realized that their moment had arrived, but their raids into Sasanian territory were quickly taken up by Muḥammad’s caliphs, or deputies, at Medina—Abū Bakr and ʿUmar ibn al-Khaṭṭāb—to become a Muslim, pan-Arab attack on Iran.
An Arab victory at Al-Qādisiyyah in 636/637 was followed by the sack of the Sasanian winter capital at Ctesiphon on the Tigris. The Battle of Nahāvand in 642 completed the Sasanids’ vanquishment. Yazdegerd fled to the empire’s northeastern outpost, Merv, whose marzbān, or march lord, Mahūyeh, was soured by Yazdegerd’s imperious and expensive demands. Mahūyeh turned against his emperor and defeated him with the help of Hephthalites from Bādghis. The Hephthalites, an independent border power, had troubled the Sasanids since at least 590, when they had sided with Bahrām Chūbīn, Khosrow Parvīz’s rebel general. A miller near Merv murdered the fugitive Yazdegerd for his purse.
The Sasanids’ end was ignominious, but it was not the end of Iran. Rather, it marked a new beginning. Within two centuries Iranian civilization was revived with a cultural amalgam, with patterns of art and thought, with attitudes and a sophistication that were indebted to its pre-Islamic Iranian heritage—a heritage changed but also stirred into fresh life by the Arab Muslim conquest.
3 days ago · Iran, a mountainous, arid, and ethnically diverse country of southwestern Asia. The country maintains a rich and distinctive cultural and social continuity dating back to the Achaemenian period, which began in 550 bce. Since 1979 it has become known for its unique brand of Islamic republic.
SHOW ALL QUESTIONS. One of the most dramatic changes in government in Iran's history was seen with the 1979 Iranian Revolution where Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi was overthrown and replaced by Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini.
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