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Reactive attachment disorder (RAD) is a rare condition where children don’t form an emotional bond with their caretakers. Children who are adopted may experience RAD. Treatment focuses on repairing and/or creating emotionally healthy family bonds.
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What are the symptoms of reactive attachment disorder?
Symptoms of reactive attachment disorder are unique to each child. Common symptoms among infants and young children with RAD include: Not showing positive emotions, like comfort, love or joy when interacting with others. Avoiding eye contact and physical touch. Expressing fear or anger by throwing tantrums or frequently showing unhappiness or sadness. Trying to find things in their environment that they can control, which makes them likely to break rules.
What is the difference between inhibited reactive attachment disorder and disinhibited social engagement disorder?
Inhibited reactive attachment disorder (RAD) is related to disinhibited social engagement disorder (DSED), but there are differences between each type.
What causes reactive attachment disorder?
There is no exact cause for children diagnosed with reactive attachment disorder. Studies suggest that there could be several factors that contribute to a child who doesn’t form a bond with their caretakers including: Abuse or neglect: The child feels abandoned or alone. Food insecurity: The child’s basic needs aren’t being met. Safety: The child fears that they are in danger. Lack of hygiene: The child sits in soiled diapers for hours at a time without being changed. Multiple caretakers: The child doesn’t know who to trust. Inconsistent caregiving: The child’s needs are only being met some of the time, particularly if they don’t know when to expect their caregivers to reward or console them. Young children form healthy relationships when their basic needs are consistently attended to. This builds a sense of trust between the child and their caretakers. If a child’s physical and emotional needs aren’t being met, they are at risk of developing RAD.
How is reactive attachment disorder diagnosed?
To diagnose reactive attachment disorder, your child’s healthcare provider will ask you about your child’s medical history and what symptoms they’re experiencing. Your providers might ask the following questions to better understand your child’s symptoms: Has your child experienced any abuse or neglect? When did you first notice symptoms? What did you notice first? How do you and your child interact? What is your living situation? Are there other caregivers your child interacts with? If your provider suspects RAD, they are likely to recommend you and your child visit a pediatric specialist, psychologist and psychiatrist to help diagnose your child correctly and recommend treatments that can help.
Can reactive attachment disorder be misdiagnosed as autism spectrum disorder?
Before diagnosing a child with reactive attachment disorder, your provider will offer tests to rule out other causes, including autism spectrum disorder. Autism spectrum disorder is a developmental condition that affects a person’s behavior and communication and can, on the surface, have similar symptoms as RAD. For example, abuse or neglect doesn’t cause autism spectrum disorder but could contribute to a RAD diagnosis.
How is reactive attachment disorder treated?
Treatment for reactive attachment disorder focuses on creating emotionally healthy bonds and/or repairing fearful or uncomfortable relationships between children and their caregivers. It strengthens children emotionally in a way that can later help the child to develop other healthy relationships. Both children and caregivers benefit from treatment plans. Treatment may include: Psychotherapy/counseling: A mental health provider works with the child and parents to build healthy emotional skills and reduce problematic patterns of behavior that prevent bonding. Family therapy: This therapy involves working together with the primary caretakers and child to develop healthy ways to interact. Social skills intervention: This therapy teaches the child how to interact appropriately with other similar-aged children in typical social settings. Parents are usually involved to help the child use the skills they learn outside of therapy. Special education: If a child needs it, school-based programs can help children learn skills to succeed both academically and socially. Parenting skills classes: In these sessions, parents may learn more effective ways of managing their child’s difficult behaviors.
How soon after treatment will my child have healthy relationships?
Without treatment, children with RAD could experience symptoms into adulthood that will affect how they function in society. Treatment will be long term to offer emotional support to your child. It may be lifelong. There is no timeline for when your child will develop healthy relationships, but treatment, with support from their caregivers, leads to the best outcome. Care at Cleveland Clinic Find a Pediatric Primary Care Provider Find a Doctor and Specialists Schedule a Pediatric Primary Care Appointment
How can I prevent reactive attachment disorder?
The best way to prevent reactive attachment disorder is by ensuring children form healthy bonds with their parents and/or other primary caretakers. Healthy bonds form when caretakers: Promote family bonding through secure and consistent relationships. Help children feel loved. Support children through the phases of their development. Always meet the basic needs of the child.
What can I do to help my child develop healthy relationships?
As their caretaker, you can help your child develop healthy bonds by: Setting limits: All children benefit from an environment in which there is a consistent pattern, so setting limits is very important. By setting reasonable limits and appropriate non-physical discipline, children know what's expected from them and what happens when they break the rules. This decreases kids’ fear and helps them to behave appropriately. Keeping your cool even when your child acts up: During times when your child is acting inappropriately, remain calm; do not respond if you’re angry. Discipline the child according to the rules you established and rules that your child knows. As soon as your child settles down and is ready for positive contact, show love and care. This helps the child know that you will still be there for them even through difficult times. Showing consistent love and attention: Spend one-on-one time with your child. Talk or sing with them. Play with them. Rock or hold them or show other signs of caregiver love and affection, acknowledging that some children are more open to this type of affection than others. Withholding love and affection is never an acceptable form of punishment.
What can I expect if I have a child with reactive attachment disorder?
Many children who receive treatment for reactive attachment disorder form stable, healthy bonds with their primary caretakers and others in their life. Children who don’t receive treatment can face risks of ongoing emotional issues. Fortunately, it’s never too late to seek treatment for developmental and mental health conditions, including RAD. It is important to remember: Many children who are adopted from foster placements develop into very healthy and well-adjusted children. Not all adopted children experience RAD. Children with significant trauma in their past may have other risk factors for mental health and behavioral challenges, such as exposure to drugs or alcohol during prenatal development or a family history of emotional disorders, both of which may contribute to RAD.
When should I see my healthcare provider?
If you notice that your child has trouble developing normal relationships or you see any symptoms of reactive attachment disorder in your child, contact your child’s healthcare provider for an evaluation or referral. Early diagnosis and treatment lead to more successful outcomes for children with this condition.
What questions should I ask my doctor?
Do I need to enroll my child in counseling? What is causing my child to show symptoms of reactive attachment disorder? Can you refer me to a specialist or support group that works with children and families who have a similar diagnosis? Will my child’s symptoms change as they become teenagers? Is there anything I should look out for? A note from Cleveland Clinic It’s important to create a bond with your child and make sure they feel loved. Reach out to your regular healthcare provider if your child does not form a comfortable emotional bond with you or their primary caretaker. Asking your provider for advice or treatment doesn’t mean that you’re a bad parent. Instead, it opens the door to building a strong, healthy and lifelong relationship with your child. Medically Reviewed Last reviewed by a Cleveland Clinic medical professional on 02/22/2022. Learn more about our editorial process.
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The meaning of RAD is a unit of absorbed dose of ionizing radiation equal to an energy of 100 ergs per gram of irradiated material. How to use rad in a sentence.
Jul 7, 2021 · Reactive attachment disorder (RAD) is a rare condition of emotional dysfunction in which a baby or child has difficulty forming a bond with parents or caregivers due to early neglect or...
Reactive attachment disorder (RAD) is described in clinical literature as a severe disorder that can affect children, although these issues do occasionally persist into adulthood. RAD is characterized by markedly disturbed and developmentally inappropriate ways of relating socially in most contexts. It can take the form of a persistent failure ...
