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Find the latest Robo Global Robotics and Automation Index ETF (ROBO) stock quote, history, news and other vital information to help you with your stock trading and investing.
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•1. A robot may not injure a human being, or, through inaction, allow a human being to come to harm.
•2. A robot must obey the orders given it by human beings except where such orders would conflict with the First Law.
•3. A robot must protect its own existence as long as such protection does not conflict with the First or Second Law.
In 1970, Japanese roboticist Masahiro Mori proposed that as human likeness increases in an object’s design, so does one’s affinity for the object, giving rise to the phenomenon called the "uncanny valley." According to this theory, when the artificial likeness nears total accuracy, affinity drops dramatically and is replaced by a feeling of eeriness or uncanniness. Affinity then rises again when true human likeness—resembling a living person—is reached. This sudden decrease and increase caused by the feeling of uncanniness creates a “valley” in the level of affinity.
This article traces the development of robots and robotics. For further information on industrial applications, see the article automation.
(Read Toby Walsh’s Britannica essay on killer robots.)
Though not humanoid in form, machines with flexible behaviour and a few humanlike physical attributes have been developed for industry. The first stationary industrial robot was the programmable Unimate, an electronically controlled hydraulic heavy-lifting arm that could repeat arbitrary sequences of motions. It was invented in 1954 by the American engineer George Devol and was developed by Unimation Inc., a company founded in 1956 by American engineer Joseph Engelberger. In 1959 a prototype of the Unimate was introduced in a General Motors Corporation die-casting factory in Trenton, New Jersey. In 1961 Condec Corp. (after purchasing Unimation the preceding year) delivered the world’s first production-line robot to the GM factory; it had the unsavoury task (for humans) of removing and stacking hot metal parts from a die-casting machine. Unimate arms continue to be developed and sold by licensees around the world, with the automobile industry remaining the largest buyer.
(Read Sherry Turkle’s Britannica essay on robots.)
More advanced computer-controlled electric arms guided by sensors were developed in the late 1960s and 1970s at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and at Stanford University, where they were used with cameras in robotic hand-eye research. Stanford’s Victor Scheinman, working with Unimation for GM, designed the first such arm used in industry. Called PUMA (Programmable Universal Machine for Assembly), they have been used since 1978 to assemble automobile subcomponents such as dash panels and lights. PUMA was widely imitated, and its descendants, large and small, are still used for light assembly in electronics and other industries. Since the 1990s small electric arms have become important in molecular biology laboratories, precisely handling test-tube arrays and pipetting intricate sequences of reagents.
Mobile industrial robots also first appeared in 1954. In that year a driverless electric cart, made by Barrett Electronics Corporation, began pulling loads around a South Carolina grocery warehouse. Such machines, dubbed AGVs (Automatic Guided Vehicles), commonly navigate by following signal-emitting wires entrenched in concrete floors. In the 1980s AGVs acquired microprocessor controllers that allowed more complex behaviours than those afforded by simple electronic controls. In the 1990s a new navigation method became popular for use in warehouses: AGVs equipped with a scanning laser triangulate their position by measuring reflections from fixed retro-reflectors (at least three of which must be visible from any location).
Lack of reliable functionality has limited the market for industrial and service robots (built to work in office and home environments). Toy robots, on the other hand, can entertain without performing tasks very reliably, and mechanical varieties have existed for thousands of years. (See automaton.) In the 1980s microprocessor-controlled toys appea...
Learn about the origin, development, and applications of robots, the automatically operated machines that replace human effort. Explore the concepts of artificial intelligence, the uncanny valley, and the Three Laws of Robotics.
Mar 31, 2024 · ROBO is an exchange-traded fund that tracks the performance of a global index of companies involved in robotics and automation. Learn about its process, people, parent, price, and portfolio holdings from Morningstar's analysis and ratings.
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A robot is a machine —especially one programmable by a computer —capable of carrying out a complex series of actions automatically. [2] . A robot can be guided by an external control device, or the control may be embedded within.
ROBO is an exchange-traded fund that tracks the performance of a global index of companies involved in robotics and automation. Learn about the fund's objectives, risks, expenses, and how to invest in it.
Year range. $45.42 - $60.29. Get the latest ROBO Global Robotics and Automation Index ETF (ROBO) real-time quote, historical performance, charts, and other financial information to help you...
