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Gandāra, or Gadāra in Achaemenid inscriptions ( Old Persian cuneiform: 𐎥𐎭𐎠𐎼, Gadāra, also transliterated as Gaⁿdāra since the nasal "n" before consonants was omitted in the Old Persian script, and simplified as Gandāra or sometimes Gandara) [1] was one of the easternmost provinces of the Achaemenid Empire in South Asia, following the Achaemenid ...
Gandhāra (Sanskrit: गन्धार) was an ancient Indo-Aryan kingdom of northwestern Indian subcontinent whose existence is attested during the Iron Age. The inhabitants of Gandhāra were called the Gāndhārīs.
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- Description
- Rediscovery and History
- Buddhist Manuscripts in Gāndhāri
- Translations from Gāndhāri
- References
- Further Reading
Gāndhārī is an early Middle Indo-Aryan language – a Prakrit – with unique features that distinguish it from all other known Prakrits. Phonetically, it maintained all three Old Indo-Aryan sibilants – s, ś and ṣ – as distinct sounds where they fell together as [s] in other Prakrits, a change that is considered one of the earliest Middle Indo-Aryan sh...
Initial identification of a distinct language occurred through study of one of the Buddhist āgamas, the Dīrghāgama, which had been translated into Chinese by Buddhayaśas (Chinese: 佛陀耶舍) and Zhu Fonian (Chinese: 竺佛念). Since this time, a consensus has grown in scholarship which sees the first wave of Buddhist missionary work as associated with Gāndhā...
Until 1994, the only Gāndhāri manuscript available to the scholars was a birch bark manuscript of a Buddhist text, the Dharmapāda, discovered at Kohmāri Mazār near Hotan in Xinjiang in 1893 CE. From 1994 on, a large number of fragmentary manuscripts of Buddhist texts, seventy-seven altogether,were discovered in eastern Afghanistan and Western Pakis...
Mahayana Buddhist Pure Land sūtras were brought from Gandhāra to China as early as 147 CE, when the Kushan monk Lokakṣema began translating the first Buddhist sutras into Chinese. The earliest of these translations show evidence of having been translated from Gāndhārī.It is also known that manuscripts in the Kharoṣṭhī script existed in China during...
Bibliography
1. Heirman, Ann; Bumbacher, Stephan Peter (2007). The Spread of Buddhism. Brill. ISBN 978-90-474-2006-4. 2. Gāndhārī language at Encyclopædia Iranica 3. Lancaster, Lewis R.; Park, Sung-bae (1979). The Korean Buddhist Canon: A Descriptive Catalogue. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-03159-3. 4. Lancaster, Lewis R. "The Korean Buddhist Canon: A Descriptive Catalogue". www.acmuller.net. Retrieved 4 September 2017. 5. Mukherjee, B. N. (1996). India in Early Central Asia: A Survey of...
Gippert, Jost. "TITUS Texts: Gandhari Dharmapada: Frame". titus.uni-frankfurt.de.Gandhāra is noted for the distinctive Gandhāra style of Buddhist art, which shows the influence of Hellenistic and local Indian influences from the Gangetic Valley. The Gandhāran art flourished and achieved its peak during the Kushan period, from the 1st to the 5th centuries, but it declined and was destroyed after the invasion of the Alchon ...
Gandhāra is the name of an ancient, extinct kingdom once located in north-western India in what is now Pakistan and eastern Afghanistan. Found mainly in the valley of Peshawar, the Potohar plateau and on the Kabul River, its main cities were Purushapura (modern Peshawar), and Takshashila (Taxila).
The Gandhāran Buddhist texts are the oldest Buddhist manuscripts yet discovered, dating from about the 1st century BCE to 3rd century CE and found in the northwestern outskirts of the Indian subcontinent.
Dec 15, 2000 · GANDHARA (OPers. Gandāra), a province of the Persian empire under the Achaemenids. The name of Gandhāra or Gandhārī occurs in ancient Indian texts as the name of a people, obviously the inhabitants of Gāndhāra, a district traditionally placed in the extreme northwest of the Indian subcontinent.
