Search results
Guiding principle for anthropological research
- One of the most significant contributions of Franz Boas to anthropology was the development of cultural relativism as a guiding principle for anthropological research. This principle, which he staunchly advocated, posited that all cultures are intrinsically valid and can only be fully understood within their own unique contexts.
anthropologyreview.org › influential-anthropologists › franz-boas-the-father-of-american-anthropology
People also ask
Who was Franz Boas?
What influenced Franz Boas?
How did Franz Boas Change Anthropology?
What did Franz Boas do for a living?
Franz Boas was the founder of the relativistic, culture-centered school of American anthropology that became dominant in the 20th century.
- Overview
- Beliefs of Cultural Relativism
- Different Types of Cultural Relativism
- Strengths of Cultural Relativism
- Limitations of Cultural Relativism
- Examples of Cultural Relativism
- Cultural Relativism in Mental Health
- Cultural Relativism vs. Ethnocentrism
- How Do You Promote Cultural Relativism?
Trending Videos
Cultural relativism suggests that ethics, morals, values, norms, beliefs, and behaviors must be understood within the context of the culture from which they arise. It means that all cultures have their own beliefs and that there is no universal or absolute standard to judge those cultural norms.
"Cultural relativism leads us to accept that cultures are foundationally different, with differing social and ethical norms. This includes understanding that a person’s place of birth, including where or how a patient was raised during their formative years, is the basis of a person’s approach to the world and emotional self," says Anu Raj, PsyD, a clinical psychologist at New York Institute of Technology.
Advocates of cultural relativism suggest that one culture's values, beliefs, and norms should not be judged through the lens of another culture.
It is the opposite of ethnocentrism, which involves judging or understanding cultural beliefs from the perspective of your own. Instead, cultural relativism suggests that observers and researchers should focus on describing those practices without attempting to impose their own biases and judgments upon them.
History of Cultural Relativism
Cultural relativism suggests that:
•Different societies have their own moral codes and practices.
•Norms, beliefs, and values must be judged and understood from the context of the culture where they originate.
•No culture is objectively better than others; cultures and their customs and beliefs are not objectively superior or inferior to any other culture.
•Practices and behaviors considered acceptable or unacceptable vary from one culture to the next.
•Cultural relativism aims to help promote acceptance, tolerance, and an appreciation for diverse cultural beliefs and practices.
Absolute Cultural Relativism
According to this perspective, outsiders should not question or judge cultural events. Essentially, this point of view proposes that outsiders should not criticize or question the cultural practices of other societies, no matter what they might involve.
Critical Cultural Relativism
Critical cultural relativism suggests that practices should be evaluated in terms of how and why they are adopted. This perspective suggests that cultural practices can be evaluated and understood by looking at factors such as the historical context and social influences. It also recognizes that all societies experience inequalities and power dynamics that influence how and why certain beliefs are adopted and who adopts them.
Cultural relativism has a number of benefits that can help people gain greater insight into different cultures. This perspective can help:
•Promote cultural understanding: Because cultural relativism encourages seeing cultures with an open mind, it can foster greater empathy, understanding, and respect for cultures different from ours.
•Protect cultural respect and autonomy: Cultural relativism recognizes that no culture is superior to any other. Rather than attempting to change other cultures, this perspective encourages people to respect the autonomy and self-determinism of other cultures, which can play an important role in preserving the heritage and traditions of other cultures.
•Foster learning: By embracing cultural relativism, people from different backgrounds are able to communicate effectively and create an open dialogue to foster greater learning for other cultures of the world.
Cultural relativism can also be important in helping mental health professionals deliver culturally competent care to clients of different backgrounds.
"What’s considered “typical and normal versus pathological” depends on cultural norms. It varies between providers and patients; it impacts diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis," Raj explains.
Failure to Address Human Rights
This perspective has been criticized for failing to address universal rights. Some suggest that this approach may appear to condone cultural practices that constitute human rights violations. It can be challenging to practice non-judgment of other cultures while still protecting people’s right to live free from discrimination and oppression. Cultural relativism may sometimes hamper progress by inhibiting the examination of practices, norms, and traditions that limit a society’s growth and progress.
Reducing Cultures to Stereotypes
Cultural relativism sometimes falls victim to the tendency to stereotype and simplify cultures. Rather than fully appreciating the full complexity and diversity that may exist within a culture, people may reduce it to a homogenous stereotype. This often prevents outsiders from seeing the many variations that may exist within a society and fully appreciating the way cultures evolve over time.
Individual Rights vs. Cultural Values
This perspective may sometimes lead observers to place a higher priority on a culture’s collective values while dismissing individual variations. This might involve, for example, avoiding criticism of cultures that punish political dissidents who voice opposition to cultural norms, and practices.
In reality, people make cultural judgments all the time. If you've ever eaten food from another culture and described it as 'gross' or learned about a specific cultural practice and called it 'weird,' you've made a judgment about that culture based on the norms of your own. Because you don't eat those foods or engage in those practices in your culture, you are making culture-biased value judgments.
Cultural differences can affect a wide range of behaviors, including healthcare decisions. For example, research has found that while people from Western cultures prefer to be fully informed in order to make autonomous healthcare conditions, individuals from other cultures prefer varying degrees of truth-telling from medical providers.
An example of using cultural relativism in these cases would be describing the food practices of a different culture and learning more about why certain foods and dishes are important in those societies. Another example would be learning more about different cultural practices and exploring how they originated and the purpose they serve rather than evaluating them from your own cultural background.
In medical settings, healthcare practitioners must balance the interests and autonomy of their patients with respect and tolerance for multicultural values.
Cultural relativism can also play an important role in the practice and application of mental health. "An individual’s perception of mental health, including stigma, is often influenced by their cultural identity and social values," explains Raj.
People who experience cultural discrimination are also more likely to experience higher stress levels, which can seriously affect mental health. Research has shown that perceived discrimination increases psychological distress and predicts symptoms of anxiety and depression. It also contributes to worse physical health, including a higher risk for heart disease, diabetes, cancer, and stroke.
Cultural relativism and ethnocentrism are two contrasting perspectives that can be used to evaluate and understand other cultures.
Ethnocentrism involves judging other cultures based on the standards and values of one's own culture, often leading to a biased or prejudiced perspective.
Where cultural relativism suggests that all cultures are equally valid, ethnocentrism involves seeing your own culture as superior or more correct than others.
Cultural relativism emphasizes the importance of diversity and recognizes that values, beliefs, and behaviors can vary across societies. This can be contrasted with ethnocentrism, which promotes the idea that your own culture is the norm or benchmark against which others should be evaluated. This can limit understanding and decrease tolerance for people of different backgrounds.
There are a number of strategies that can help promote cultural relativism. This can be particularly important for mental health professionals and other healthcare practitioners.
"Therapists must be able to view the world through the eyes of their patients. Most importantly, culturally competent therapists understand their patient’s behavior through the cultural framework in which they live," Raj says.
Promoting cultural relativism involves adopting an open-minded and respectful approach toward other cultures. Some things you can do to foster greater cultural relativism:
•Embrace cultural diversity: Strive to appreciate other cultures, including their unique values, traditions, and perspectives. Remember that diversity enriches our lives, experiences, and world knowledge.
•Learn more about other cultures: Take the time to explore cultures other than your own, including histories, traditions, and beliefs. Resources that can help include books, documentaries, and online resources.
•Practice empathy: Seek to understand others by imagining things from their perspective. Try to understand their experiences, challenges, and aspirations. Cultivate empathy and respect for the differences between people and cultures.
Aug 20, 2023 · Boas is known for his work on cultural relativism, which emphasizes the importance of understanding cultures in their own context. He also contributed to linguistic anthropology with his idea that language shapes our perception of reality.
Marcus and Fischer's attention to anthropology's refusal to accept Western culture's claims to universality implies that cultural relativism is a tool not only in cultural understanding, but in cultural critique.
Franz Uri Boas (July 9, 1858 – December 21, 1942) was a German-American anthropologist and a pioneer of modern anthropology who has been called the "Father of American Anthropology". His work is associated with the movements known as historical particularism and cultural relativism.
Dec 10, 2020 · German American anthropologist Franz Boas was one of the most influential social scientists of the early twentieth century, noted for his commitment to cultural relativism and as a staunch opponent of racist ideologies.
Jun 25, 2013 · Excellent overview of French thought from the Enlightenment onwards on the unity and diversity of the human species and its values. Particularly useful for defining key terms, including ethnocentrism, humanism, scientism, cultural relativism, universalism, and exoticism.
