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1. Top results related to logic programming in ai

   • Logic programming in python

     Top Answer

     Answered Apr 10, 2020 · 6 votes

     I tried to develop something that uses prolog's syntax, approach and backtracking in python to solve the issue. I wrote pytholog library. I am sharing the answers to get comments and if there are better ways to do it.

     In pytholog I initiate a knowledge base and I query it.

     import pytholog as plfriends_kb = pl.KnowledgeBase("friends")friends_kb([ "has_lot_work(daniel, 8)", "has_lot_work(david, 3)", "stress(X, P) :- has_lot_work(X, P2), P is P2 / 100", "to_smoke(X, Prob) :- stress(X, P1), friends(Y, X), influences(Y, X, P2), smokes(Y), Prob is P1 + P2", "to_have_asthma(X, 0.3) :- smokes(X)", "to_have_asthma(X, Prob) :- to_smoke(X, P2), Prob is P2 * 0.25", "friends(X, Y) :- friend(X, Y)", "friends(X, Y) :- friend(Y, X)", "influences(X, Y, 0.4) :- friends(X, Y)", "friend(peter, david)", "friend(peter, rebecca)", "friend(daniel, rebecca)", "smokes(peter)", "smokes(rebecca)"])print(friends_kb.query(pl.Expr("to_smoke(Who, P)")))# [{'Who': 'daniel', 'P': 0.48000000000000004}, {'Who': 'david', 'P': 0.43000000000000005}]print(friends_kb.query(pl.Expr("to_have_asthma(Who, P)")))# [{'Who': 'peter', 'P': '0.3'}, {'Who': 'rebecca', 'P': '0.3'}, {'Who': 'daniel', 'P': 0.12000000000000001}, {'Who': 'david', 'P': 0.10750000000000001}]

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     1/5

   • Programming Logic: How to Check for Neighbors in a Grid?

     Top Answer

     Answered Sep 23, 2010 · 6 votes

     Here's a simple way of getting a neighbour position avoiding worrying about the sides:

     int leftX = (x - 1 + width) % width;int rightX = (x + 1) % width;int aboveY = (y - 1 + height) % height;int belowY = (y + 1) % height;-

     It's possibly not the most efficient way of doing it, but it keeps each calculation to a single, simple expression. That's assuming you want wrap-around, of course. If you don't, you'll have to do things conditionally:

     if (x > 0){ // Use x - 1}if (x < width - 1){ // Use x + 1}

     Other Answers

     Answered Sep 23, 2010 · 5 votes

     Basically you want to access the neighbor of a cell, while ensuring you are not out of the grid. You can try a simple algorithm:

     Provided that the center cell (where you are) is (x,y), and that you want to check the diagonals as well. Your grid is [0,W[ on X, and [0,H[ on Y (basically W x H, starting from (0,0))

     for (i=-1 ; i<2 ; i++) for (j=-1 ; j<2 ; j++) if (i !=0 && j != 0) { rx = x + i; ry = y + j; if (rx >= 0 && ry >= 0 && rx < W && ry < H) { // I'm in } else { // I'm out } }

     This can be optimized on (i,j), e.g. i starts from 0 if x is 0.

     If you don't want the diagonals, you only have to check (x-1,y) (x+1,y) (x,y-1) and (x,y+1),

     for (i=-1 ; i<2 ; i+=2) { // check (x+i, y) // check (x, y+i) }

     Other Answers

     Answered Sep 23, 2010 · 4 votes

     What's it a 2d array of? Perhaps some objects that have state such as "Occupied" and "Empty" or some such? In which case introdcuce a new state such as "Edge" and "Corner" and create the 2-D array 1 cell bigger in every direction. Then your neighbour checker can just use simple +/- logic and then the processing for the set of neighbours can choose to ignore any edges.

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     2/5

   • logic programming - find synonyms of a given word

     Top Answer

     Answered Apr 09, 2021 · 1 votes

     In general, this just looks like you are interested in the transitive closure (of a graph)?

     For undirected graphs ("Being synonyms doesn’t depend on order"), this is related to Connected Components (and here we directly see some logic-relation as 2-SAT algorithms also exploit connected components).

     Maybe see also: Algowiki

     Basically:

     • preprocessing-time: calculate the transitive closure of your input
     • query-time -> synonym(a,b): check if edge (a,b) exists

     Or without preprocessing: just look for a path on-demand:

     • query-time -> synonym(a,b): check if there is a path between a, b BFS/DFS

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     3/5

   • Programming logic for income tax calculation

     Top Answer

     Answered Jan 21, 2012 · 2 votes

     function get_taxed_salary($salary){ if ($salary <= 150 ){ return $salary; }; if ($salary <= 650){ return ( 0.9 * $salary - 15.0 ); }; ...}

     later in your code you use that function like:

     $taxed_salary = get_taxed_salary($salary);-

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     4/5

   • Programming Logic/Psuedocode

     Top Answer

     Answered Jan 24, 2021 · 2 votes

     A simple method to generate some solutions is to pick a first row arbitrarily and then fill out each subsequent row by taking one minus the previous row. We can also do this with columns.

     It turns out that every valid matrix is generated by one of these two variants (note that the two perfect checkerboards are generated by both). The reason is that if the first row has adjacent zeros or adjacent ones, then the entries below it are forced, these force the rest of the row to be one minus the previous row, and in turn the rest of the rows are forced. Ditto columns. If neither the first row nor the first column has a duplicate, then we have one of the two checkerboards.

     Maximizing isn't too hard. For alternating rows, decide for each column whether the even rows or the odd rows are more valuable. For alternating columns, decide for each row whether the even columns or the odd columns are more valuable. Take the best of these two solutions.

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     5/5

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2. plato.stanford.edu › entries › logic-aiLogic-Based Artificial Intelligence (Stanford Encyclopedia of ...

   plato.stanford.edu › entries › logic-ai

   Aug 27, 2003 · Logic-Based Artificial Intelligence. First published Wed Aug 27, 2003; substantive revision Tue Feb 27, 2024. Artificial Intelligence (referred to hereafter by its nickname, “AI”) is the subfield of Computer Science devoted to developing programs that enable computers to display behavior that can (broadly) be characterized as intelligent.

   • Logic: Non-Monotonic

     Handbook of Logic in Artificial Intelligence and Logic...

   • Reasoning: Automated

     4.1 Logic Programming. Logic programming, particularly...

3. www.geeksforgeeks.org › prolog-an-introductionProlog | An Introduction - GeeksforGeeks

   www.geeksforgeeks.org › prolog-an-introduction

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   Jun 28, 2022 · Prolog is a logic programming language that has important role in artificial intelligence. Learn the syntax, features, advantages, disadvantages and applications of prolog with examples and references.

4. People also ask

   What is logic in AI?

   • Although logic in AI grew out of philosophical logic, in this new setting it has produced new theories and ambitious programs that could only have been nurtured by a community devoted to building working, large-scale computational models of rational agency.

   Logic-Based Artificial Intelligence - Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy

   plato.stanford.edu/entries/logic-ai/

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   What programming language is used in artificial intelligence?

   • Prolog: This is the original logic programming language, developed at a French university in 1972. It was designed for use in artificial intelligence and is still the most popular logic programming language today. Prolog mainly uses the declarative programming paradigm but also incorporates imperative programming.

   Logic Programming Languages: Use Cases, Examples, and Features

   www.linode.com/docs/guides/logic-programming-languages/

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   What is a logic programming paradigm?

   • A paradigm classifies a language based on its features and how its programs are constructed and used. Logic programming is a paradigm that uses a system of facts and rules. It is commonly used in the artificial intelligence and machine learning domains. This guide explains the logic programming paradigm and compares it to other programming models.

   Logic Programming Languages: Use Cases, Examples, and Features

   www.linode.com/docs/guides/logic-programming-languages/

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   What languages are used in logic programming?

   • However, three widely-known languages are used across different subject areas. Prolog: This is the original logic programming language, developed at a French university in 1972. It was designed for use in artificial intelligence and is still the most popular logic programming language today.

   Logic Programming Languages: Use Cases, Examples, and Features

   www.linode.com/docs/guides/logic-programming-languages/

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5. www.linode.com › docs › guidesLogic Programming Languages: Use Cases, Examples, and ...

   www.linode.com › docs › guides

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   • What Is Logic Programming?
   • The Logic Programming Paradigm
   • Why Logic Programming?
   • Use Cases For Logic Programming
   • Examples of Logic Programming Languages
   • Concluding Thoughts About Logic Programming
   • More Information

   Logic programming languages were originally developed in the 1960s in academia. It was originally designed to help study knowledge representation and artificial intelligence. Logic programming is a variation of declarative programming based on a type of formal logic called Predicate Calculus. Declarative languages describe what the program should d...

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   Each programming paradigm groups related programming languages together. The programs are categorized according to their features and execution model. The boundaries between the paradigms are not clear cut and some languages combine features from multiple paradigms. Computer scientists consider logic programs to be part of the declarative programmi...

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   Logic programming is naturally designed to answer queries. It can determine whether a query is true or false, or provide a list of choices that satisfies the query. It can also order alternatives from most to least relevant, or rank them on some other dimension. Logic programming is not typically used for tasks requiring a lot of string or mathemat...

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   Logic programming can be used in any domain where a large amount of data must be analyzed to make decisions. However, it is most commonly applied to a few subjects. Following are some places where logic programming is most likely to be found. 1. Artificial Intelligence/Machine Learning:This is one of the main applications of logic programming. It i...

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   There are dozens of different logic programming languages. Many of these have been adapted from more generic programs for use in one specific domain. However, three widely-known languages are used across different subject areas. 1. Prolog: This is the original logic programming language, developed at a French university in 1972. It was designed for...

   See full list on linode.com

   Logic Programming is based on the declarative paradigm of computer programming. Users specify the underlying data through a symbolic system of relations, in the forms of facts and rules. Facts are simple statements, while rules indicate relationships within the domain. A logic program uses its body of predicates and the principle of deduction to an...

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   You may wish to consult the following resources for additional informationon this topic. While these are provided in the hope that they will beuseful, please note that we cannot vouch for the accuracy or timeliness ofexternally hosted materials. 1. Prolog Standard 2. Prolog Tutorial 3. Prolog Wikipedia page 4. Logic Programming Wikipedia page 5. GN...

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   • Author: Linode

6. builtin.com › software-engineering-perspectives › prologIntroduction to Prolog: A Programming Language for AI | Built In

   builtin.com › software-engineering-perspectives › prolog

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   Nov 1, 2023 · Prolog is a powerful and flexible programming language that’s well-suited for developing logic-based artificial intelligence applications. It allows the programmer to specify a set of rules and facts about a problem domain, and then use those rules and facts to automatically infer solutions to problems. Prolog Program Basics to Know

7. link.springer.com › chapter › 10Introduction to Logic-Based Artificial Intelligence - Springer

   link.springer.com › chapter › 10

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   Abstract. In this chapter I provide a brief introduction to the field of Logic-Based Artificial Intelligence (LBAI). I then discuss contributions to LBAI contained in the chapters and some of the highlights that took place at the Workshop on LBAI from which the papers are drawn. The areas of LBAI represented in the book are: commonsense ...

   • Author: Jack Minker

   • Publish Year: 2000

8. towardsdatascience.com › logic-programming-and-theLogic Programming and the Design of Humanistic AI using ...

   towardsdatascience.com › logic-programming-and-the

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   Jul 21, 2021 · One such creative construct being used to build AI is Logic Programming. LP deals with rules, functions, and inferences. It is derived from the fact that when a machine is trained enough to understand the rules present in its environment and later uses these rules to distinguish between “right” and “wrong”, that is when the machine has ...

9. deepai.org › logic-programmingLogic Programming Definition | DeepAI

   deepai.org › logic-programming

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   Learn what logic programming is and how it works in artificial intelligence. Logic programming uses logic circuits and clauses to express facts and rules, rather than mathematical functions.