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Sharaf al-Dīn al-Muẓaffar ibn Muḥammad ibn al-Muẓaffar al-Ṭūsī (Persian: شرفالدین مظفر بن محمد بن مظفر توسی; c. 1135 Tus, Iran – c. 1213 Iran) known more often as Sharaf al-Dīn al-Ṭūsī or Sharaf ad-Dīn aṭ-Ṭūsī, was an Iranian mathematician and astronomer of the Islamic Golden Age (during ...
Biography. Ibn al-Nafis was born in 1213 to an Arab family probably at a village near Damascus named Karashia, after which his Nisba might be derived. Early in his life, he studied theology, philosophy and literature.
The 13th century was the century which lasted from January 1, 1201 (represented by the Roman numerals MCCI) through December 31, 1300 (MCCC) in accordance with the Julian calendar. The Mongol Empire was founded by Genghis Khan, which stretched from Eastern Asia to Eastern Europe.
Subscribed the papal bulls issued between May 30, 1205 and April 13, 1216; and August 12, 1216 and April 27, 1221. Cardinal protodeacon in 1213. Participated in the papal election of 1216, in which was elected Pope Honorius III; as cardinal protodeacon, he crowned the new pope.
In 1213, he made England a papal fief to resolve a conflict with the Catholic Church, and his rebellious barons forced him to seal Magna Carta in 1215, the act for which he is best remembered. John is responsible for the creation of another English cultural icon, the historic, medieval London Bridge.
1213 was a common year starting on Tuesday of the Julian calendar, the 1213th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 213th year of the 2nd millennium, the 13th year of the 13th century, and the 4th year of the 1210s decade.
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Ibn al-Nafis (1210-1288) was an Arab physician who contributed much to the advancement of medical knowledge and science in the 13th century. He was involved in jurisprudence, politics, and anatomical studies as well.
