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Jul 28, 2014 · Introduction: In November 1294, King Edward I of England issued orders to various ports and cities for the construction of 20 large war galleys. The vessels are known to historians as the ‘1295 galleys’, from the year in which most of the building work took place.
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1295 was a common year starting on Saturday of the Julian calendar, the 1295th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 295th year of the 2nd millennium, the 95th year of the 13th century, and the 6th year of the 1290s decade. As of the start of 1295, the Gregorian calendar was 7 days ahead of the Julian calendar ...
- Overview
- Early life.
- Career as Il-Khan.
- Legacy
Maḥmūd Ghāzān, (born Nov. 5, 1271, Abaskun, Iran—died May 11, 1304), most prominent of the Il-Khans (subordinate khāns) to rule the Mongol dynasty in Iran. Reigning from 1295 to 1304, he is best known for the conversion of his state to Islām and his wars against Egypt.
Ghāzān’s early childhood was spent largely in the company of his grandfather, the Il-Khan Abagha (1265–82), and he was brought up in the Buddhist faith that both his father and his grandfather professed. Upon his father’s accession to the throne in 1284, Ghāzān was appointed viceroy of the provinces of northeastern Persia, where he resided for the ...
Ghāzān was formally enthroned on Nov. 3, 1295, and during the first year of his reign he had to cope with a number of revolts against his authority. All were suppressed with the utmost severity—no fewer than five princes of the blood were executed for their complicity. Nawrūz himself, who had helped raise Ghāzān to the throne, was soon to pay with his life for suspected collusion with the Mamlūks. Though now the Muslim head of a Muslim state, Ghāzān took up the hereditary quarrel of his family with these champions of Islām. In 1299–1300 he invaded Syria, defeated the Egyptian army at Homs, and made a triumphal entry into Damascus. Upon his return to Persia early in 1300, however, the country was re-occupied by the Mamlūks. In the autumn of the same year he returned to the attack, but poor weather rendered military operations impossible; the campaign was abandoned before contact could be made with the enemy. For a third campaign he sought an alliance with the Christian West. In a letter to Pope Boniface VIII dated April 12, 1302, he refers to a detailed plan for the invasion of Syria, which he had previously proposed to the princes of Europe and continues:
As for now, we are making our preparations exactly in the manner [laid down in that plan]. You too should prepare your troops, send word to the rulers of the various nations and not fail to keep the rendezvous. Heaven willing, we [i.e.,Ghāzān] shall make the great work [i.e., the war against the Mamlūks] our sole aim.
Ghāzān’s accomplishments were in no way restricted to his activities on the battlefield. A man of great intellectual curiosity, he was conversant with such diverse topics as natural history, medicine, astronomy, and chemistry and was also an adept in several handicrafts. “No one surpassed him,” says the Byzantine historian Pachymeres, “in making saddles, bridles, spurs, greaves and helmets; he could hammer, stitch and polish, and in such occupations employed the hours of his leisure from war.” Besides his native Mongolian, he is said to have had a knowledge of the Arabic, Persian, Hindi, Kashmiri, Tibetan, Chinese, and Frankish (i.e., probably French) languages.
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It was at his suggestion and with his assistance that his vizier Rashīd ad-Dīn composed a celebrated history of the Mongols, which was later expanded to embrace all the peoples of Asia and Europe with which their conquests had brought them in contact. Rashīd ad-Dīn, Ghāzān’s great minister, was perhaps the real author of the fiscal reforms that go under his master’s name and that were designed to protect the sedentary population from the extortions of the nomad aristocracy. These measures, coupled with the adoption of Islām, must have played their part in welding the Mongols and Persians (like the Normans and English) into a single nation, and the Il-Khans might have ended, like the Plantagenets, by becoming a truly national dynasty. In fact, Ghāzān himself, by his ruthless elimination of princely rivals, must have contributed to the extinction of the Il-Khanids, who survived his death by little more than 30 years.
- John Andrew Boyle
From Wikimedia Commons, the free media repository. This category is about media related to the year 1295 (Gregorian calendar). For the number, see Category:1295 (number). 1290s ( 13th century, 2nd millennium) 1290 · 1291 · 1292 · 1293 · 1294 · 1295 · 1296 · 1297 · 1298 · 1299 .
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to 1295. Topics specifically related to the year AD 1295. 1290. 1291. 1292. 1293. 1294. 1295. 1296. 1297. 1298. 1299. 1300. 1240s. 1250s. 1260s. 1270s. 1280s. 1290s. 1300s. 1310s. 1320s. 1330s. 1340s. Subcategories. This category has the following 3 subcategories, out of 3 total. / 1295 establishments (1 P) B.
