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The terms Crusader states and Outremer ( French: outre-mer, lit. 'overseas') describe the four feudal states established after the First Crusade in the Levant in around 1100: (from north to south) the County of Edessa, the Principality of Antioch, the County of Tripoli, and the Kingdom of Jerusalem. The term Outremer is of medieval origin ...
Duchy of the Archipelago [9] [b] Fourth Crusade. 1207. 1579. Terra Mariana [10] Livonian Crusade. 1207. 1561. State of the Teutonic Order [11]
Crusader StateConflict Established InDate EstablishedDate Disestablished10981144109812681099129111021289Tiếng Việt. Tiếng Việt ( chữ Nôm: 㗂 tiếng 越 Việt ), còn gọi tiếng Việt Nam, tiếng Kinh hay Việt ngữ, là ngôn ngữ của người Việt với vai trò ngôn ngữ chính thức tại Việt Nam. Tiếng Việt là ngôn ngữ mẹ đẻ của trên 90 triệu người, cũng được người Việt hải ...
- First Crusade & Creation
- The Kingdom of Jerusalem
- The County of Edessa
- The County of Tripoli
- The Principality of Antioch
- Defending The Levant
- Government & Populations
- Economy
- The Muslim Fightback
- The Mamluk Conquest
The First Crusade was launched by Pope Urban II (r. 1088-1099 CE) in response to the rise of the Muslim Seljuk Turks in the Middle East and their capture of Jerusalem in 1087 CE. The Seljuks were only taking over from Fatimids of Egypt, but they posed a serious threat to the Byzantine Empire, and its emperor, Alexios I Komnenos (r. 1081-1118 CE), a...
The most important of the Crusader States was the Kingdom of Jerusalem which controlled a narrow strip of coastal lands from Jaffa in the south to Beirut in the north. The kingdom controlled various fiefdoms, including Acre, Tyre, Nablus, Sidon and Caesarea. Godfrey of Bouillon, who had been one of the key leaders during the siege of Jerusalem in t...
In March 1098 CE, Baldwin of Boulogne took control of Edessa (modern Urfa, southeast Turkey) and the County of Edessa was formed, the first of the Crusader States. Although Baldwin had, in effect, usurped power from the ruling Christian Armenians, he did promote a mixing of Western and Armenian nobility through marriages, making the County of Edess...
The County of Tripoli, with its capital at the important seaport of Tripolis (modern Tripoli), then the most important port of Damascus, covered an area which is today Lebanon and was founded by Raymond of Toulouse. Raymond's army had captured Tripolis after a lengthy siege in 1109 CE with the help of Byzantine emperor Alexios I, for which Raymond ...
The Principality of Antioch, with its capital at Antioch, the great ancient city of culture and trade, was founded by the Norman Bohemund and extended by his successor Tancred of Lecce (r. 1105-1112 CE). The principality was another Crusader State that the Byzantine Empire - the former owners of that territory, of course - took a perpetual interest...
After a large part of the First Crusade army went home, the Crusaders States were left perpetually short of manpower, despite several later crusadestrying to help, all without very much success. The European nobles who divided up the territory between themselves were, at least in theory, supposed to provide fighting men for the combined Latin army ...
The four states functioned much as other medieval monarchies in contemporary Europe. The ruler, either the king, prince or count as the case may be, was an absolute monarch but they did, because of their dependency on nobles providing warriors to the collective defence, hold councils of consultation. At Jerusalem, for example, the large estate owne...
Another aspect of life which carried on much as before was trade, which thrived regardless of politics or race as goods travelled from the east and west and vice versa. The Levant often functioned as the middleman charging import and export duties on goods that passed through (between 4 and 25% of their total value). Acre, in particular, became a g...
Although the Crusader States initially benefitted from the political and religious disunity amongst the independent Muslim leaders in the region, it was only a matter of time before they grouped together under a single charismatic leader and made serious attempts to regain the losses of the First Crusade. In the second quarter of the 12th century C...
As the 13th century CE wore on, so the threat to the Crusader States increased. The Seventh Crusade (1248-1254 CE) attacked Egypt and was a flop, a situation not improved by the dismal Eighth Crusade (1270 CE). Between the two, the Crusades leader, Louis IX of France (r. 1226-1270 CE), did stay on in the Middle East and he helped to refortify some ...
- Mark Cartwright
The Seljuk–Crusader war began when the First Crusade wrested territory from the Seljuk Turks during the Siege of Nicaea in 1097 and lasted until 1128 when Zengi became atabeg of Aleppo. At the latter date, the chief threat to the Crusaders from the east and north became the Zengids. The conflict was generally fought between European Crusaders ...
The First Crusaders capture Antioch after an 8-month siege. 15 Jul 1099. Jerusalem is captured during the First Crusade . Sep 1099. The Crusader state, the Kingdom of Jerusalem is created. 17 May 1101. Caesarea is captured by the Crusaders. 26 May 1101. Acre is captured by the Crusaders.
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Warring States period. Warring States, (475–221 bce), designation for seven or more small feuding Chinese kingdoms whose careers collectively constitute an era in Chinese history. The Warring States period was one of the most fertile and influential in Chinese history. Categories: History of China. 5th century BC. 4th century BC. 3rd century BC.
