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The Indo-Aryan languages (or sometimes Indic languages [a]) are a branch of the Indo-Iranian languages in the Indo-European language family. As of the early 21st century, they have more than 800 million speakers, primarily concentrated in Bangladesh, India, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Maldives and Nepal . [1] .
Today, the individual Indo-European languages with the most native speakers are English, Spanish, Portuguese, Russian, Hindustani, Bengali, Punjabi, French and German each with over 100 million native speakers; many others are small and in danger of extinction. In total, 46% of the world's population (3.2 billion people) speaks an Indo-European ...
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- History
- Differences from Vedic
- References
- Further Reading
Proto-Indo-Aryan is meant to be the predecessor of Old Indo-Aryan (1500–300 BCE), which is directly attested as Vedic and Classical Sanskrit, as well as by the Indo-Aryan superstrate in Mitanni. Indeed, Vedic Sanskrit is very close to Proto-Indo-Aryan. Some of the Prakritsdisplay a few minor features derived from Proto-Indo-Aryan that had already d...
Despite the great archaicity of Vedic, the other Indo-Aryan languages preserve a small number of conservativefeatures lost in Vedic. One of these is the representation of Proto-Indo-European *l and *r. Vedic (as also most Iranic languages) merges both as /r/. Later, however, some instances of Indo-European /l/ again surface in Classical Sanskrit, i...
Works cited
1. Flood, Gavin, ed. (2003). The Blackwell companion to Hinduism. Oxford: Blackwell Publ. ISBN 1-4051-3251-5. 2. MacDonell, Arthur Anthony (2004). A Practical Sanskrit Dictionary. Motilal Banarsidass. ISBN 978-81-208-2000-5. 3. Radhakrishnan, S.; Moore, C. A. (1957). A Source Book in Indian Philosophy. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-01958-1.
Morgenstierne, Georg. "Early Iranic Influence upon Indo-Aryan." Acta Iranica, I. série, Commemoration Cyrus. Vol. I. Hommage universel (1974): 271–279.
Indo-Aryan languages, or Indic languages, Major subgroup of the Indo-Iranian branch of the Indo-European language family. Indo-Aryan languages are spoken by more than 800 million people, principally in India, Nepal, Pakistan, Bangladesh, and Sri Lanka.
The Aryan or Indo-Iranian languages are divided into two basic groups, Indo-Aryan (i.e. languages nowadays mainly spoken in India in its pre-1947 sense of South Asia) and Iranian (i.e. languages nowadays mainly spoken in Iran, also rather in the historical sense of the Persian Empire, which extended to Central Asia and the Indus Valley).
Some of the words had been borrowed before some sound changes characteristic of the Proto-Aryan language (as reconstructed on the bases of the later Indo-Iranian languages) had taken place (Proto-West Uralic *kekrä vs. Proto-Aryan *cakra-), while some of the loanwords had clearly come from Proto-Indo-Aryan (*mete-śišta-, “beeswax,” has ...
George Cardona. Indo-Aryan languages - Characteristics of Middle Indo-Aryan: The Sanskrit word prākṛta, whence the term Prākrit, is a derivative from prakṛti- ‘original, nature.’. Grammarians of the Prākrits generally consider the original from which these derive to be the Sanskrit language as described by grammarians going back to ...
