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The Holy Roman Empire, also known as the Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation after 1512, was a polity in Central and Western Europe, usually headed by the Holy Roman Emperor. It developed in the Early Middle Ages and lasted for almost a thousand years until its dissolution in 1806 during the Napoleonic Wars .
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- Imperial Institutions in The Renaissance
- Empire and Reformation
- War and Peace in The Confessional Era
- Art and Culture in The PolyCentric Empire
- Austro-Prussian Dualism and The End of The Empire
- Bibliography
At the end of the fifteenth century the empire entered a period of institutional growth and increased political importance. The focus of the empire had shifted to its German-speaking lands, especially the wealthy southern area known as Upper Germany, which saw the birth and growth of effective imperial institutions. Foremost was its parliament, the...
The Protestant Reformation did not cause the division of Germany into dozens of independent territories; in fact, the reverse is true. The extraordinarily diverse and divided political landscape of the empire in the early sixteenth century was the single most important factor in the spread of evangelical ideas and the adoption of church reforms. As...
The Protestant princes and free cities of the empire created their own territorial churches by seizing the lands of monasteries and churches, severing all links with Rome, and overseeing the doctrine and morals of their subjects. Scholars have labeled this process "confessionalization," and it is the defining characteristic of the empire in the per...
In the century after the Peace of Westphalia, the fundamental acceptance of the existence of the empire by the other European powers led to a period of relative peace and prosperity. During this period German art, music, and learned culture once again flourished. Eighteenth-century observers lamented the empire's lack of a capital city that could s...
The revival of the Habsburgs' military power and imperial authority began during the reign of Emperor Leopold I (ruled 1658–1705), as the empire was threatened by French and Turkish aggression. These threats resulted in the loss of imperial cities like Strasbourg to France (1681) and the Ottoman siege of Vienna (1683), but without imperial leadersh...
Primary Sources
Lindberg, Carter, ed.The European Reformations Source-book.Oxford and Malden, Mass., 2000. Good documentation of the Protestant Reformation in the empire. Macartney, C. A., ed.The Habsburg and Hohenzollern Dynasties in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries. New York, 1970. Pufendorf, Samuel.Die Verfassung des deutschen Reiches. Translated and edited by Horst Denzer. Frankfurt am Main, 1994. Translation ofDe statu imperii Germanici(1667). Scott, Tom, and Robert W. Scribner, eds. and trans.T...
Secondary Sources
Aretin, Karl Otmar, Freiherr von.Das alte Reich, 1648–1806. 4 vols. Stuttgart, 1993–2000. Fundamental to any discussion of the empire after the Peace of Westphalia. Asch, Ronald G.The Thirty Years War: The Holy Roman Empire and Europe, 1618–1648.Basingstoke, U.K., 1997. Blickle, Peter.Obedient Germans? A Rebuttal: A New View of German History.Translated by Thomas A. Brady, Jr. Charlottesville, Va., 1997. Brady, Thomas A., Jr. "Settlements: The Holy Roman Empire." InHandbook of European Histor...
Jun 20, 2024 · How was the Holy Roman Empire formed? Why did the Holy Roman Empire fall? What did Charles V try to accomplish during his reign as Holy Roman Emperor? What were the greatest threats to Charles V’s empire? Why did Charles V abdicate his rule?
Jun 20, 2024 · How was the Holy Roman Empire formed? Why did the Holy Roman Empire fall? What did Charles V try to accomplish during his reign as Holy Roman Emperor? What were the greatest threats to Charles V’s empire? Why did Charles V abdicate his rule?
The “Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation” (also known as the “Old Empire”) was a very loose and fragmented political entity that encompassed both secular and ecclesiastical territories. An emperor presided over this empire, but powers were distributed among various rulers.
Jun 20, 2024 · How was the Holy Roman Empire formed? Why did the Holy Roman Empire fall? What did Charles V try to accomplish during his reign as Holy Roman Emperor? What were the greatest threats to Charles V’s empire? Why did Charles V abdicate his rule?
The unification of Germany (German: Deutsche Einigung, pronounced [ˈdɔʏtʃə ˈʔaɪnɪɡʊŋ] ⓘ) was a process of building the first nation-state for Germans with federal features based on the concept of Lesser Germany (one without Habsburgs' multi-ethnic Austria or its German-speaking part).
