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- In the 2nd millennium the Akkadian of Babylonia, frequently in somewhat distorted and barbarous varieties, became a lingua franca of international intercourse in the entire Middle East, and cuneiform writing thus became a universal medium of written communication.
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Feb 28, 2020 · Summary. The golden age of Akkadian as a lingua franca and the language of diplomacy in the Ancient Near East lasted throughout the second half of the second millennium BCE, especially during the so-called “Amarna period” (fourteenth century BCE) and until ca. the twelfth century BCE.
- The King of Uruk & The Rise of Sargon
- Sargon's Rule
- Sargon's Successors: Rimush & Manishtusu
- Naram-Sin: Greatest of The Akkadian Kings
- The Decline of Akkad
The language of the city, Akkadian, was already in use before the rise of the Akkadian Empire (notably in the wealthy city of Mari where vast cuneiformtablets have helped to define events for later historians), and it is possible that Sargon restored Akkad, rather than built it. It should also be noted that Sargon was not the first ruler to unite t...
Sargon the Great either founded or restored the city of Akkad and ruled from 2334-2279 BCE. He conquered what he called "the four corners of the universe" and maintained order in his empire through repeated military campaigns. The stability provided by this empire gave rise to the construction of roads, improved irrigation, a wider sphere of influe...
Sargon reigned for 56 years and after his deathwas succeeded by his son Rimush (r. 2279-2271 BCE) who maintained his father's policies closely. The cities rebelled after Sargon's death, and Rimush spent the early years of his reign restoring order. He campaigned against Elam, whom he defeated, and claimed in an inscription to bring great wealth bac...
Manishtusu was succeeded by his son Naram-Sin (also Naram-Suen) who reigned from 2261-2224 BCE. Like his father and uncle before him, Naram-Sin had to suppress rebellions across the empire before he could begin to govern but, once he began, the empire flourished under his reign. In the 36 years he ruled, he expanded the boundaries of the empire, ke...
Shar-Kali-Sharri's reign was difficult from the beginning in that he, too, had to expend a great deal of effort in putting down revolts after his father's death but, unlike his predecessors, seemed to lack the ability to maintain order and was unable to prevent further attacks on the empire from without. Leick writes: Interestingly, it is known tha...
- Joshua J. Mark
May 2, 2024 · Akkadian language, extinct Semitic language of the Northern Peripheral group, spoken in Mesopotamia from the 3rd to the 1st millennium bce. Akkadian spread across an area extending from the Mediterranean Sea to the Persian Gulf during the time of Sargon (Akkadian Sharrum-kin) of the Akkad dynasty , who reigned from about 2334 to about 2279 bce .
- The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica
A lingua franca (/ ˌ l ɪ ŋ ɡ w ə ˈ f r æ ŋ k ə /; lit. ' Frankish tongue '; for plurals see § Usage notes), also known as a bridge language, common language, trade language, auxiliary language, vehicular language, or link language, is a language systematically used to make communication possible between groups of people who do not share a native language or dialect, particularly when ...
Akkadian became the lingua franca of the ancient Near East, but started to be replaced by Aramaic by the 8th century BC. After that it continued to be used mainly by scholars and priests and the last known example of written Akkadian dates from the 1st century AD. Notable features
The Akkadian language, a Semitic language, became the lingua franca of Mesopotamia, and Akkadian culture and traditions influenced subsequent civilizations. Decline and Collapse: The Akkadian Empire faced internal rebellions and external pressures, which led to its decline and eventual collapse.
The term literally means “Frankish language”, “that is, the language of the Franks, a German‐speaking people who also gave their name to France after invading and conquering it in the early Middle Ages. The original Lingua Franca was spoken in the Eastern Mediterranean at the time of the Crusades” (id., ibid.).
