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State and Holy See. Vatican City State, created in 1929 by the Lateran Pacts, provides the Holy See with a temporal jurisdiction and independence within a small territory. It is distinct from the Holy See. The state can thus be deemed a significant but not essential instrument of the Holy See.
- Flag
The flag of Vatican City, also referred to as the flag of...
- Law of Vatican City
The Fundamental Law of Vatican City State, promulgated by...
- Vatican Obelisk
Vatican Obelisk. The Vatican Obelisk is an Egyptian obelisk,...
- Economy of Vatican City
The economy of Vatican City is mainly supported financially...
- Geography of Vatican City
Map of Vatican City. The geography of Vatican City is unique...
- Vatican Museums
Vatican Museums from outside. The Vatican Museums (Italian:...
- Vatican Hill
Before the Avignon Papacy (1305–1378), the headquarters of...
- Rail
The Vatican City State Railway branches off from the Rome to...
- Corps of Gendarmerie of Vatican City
The Gendarmerie Corps of Vatican City State (Italian: Corpo...
- Flag
The Holy See, not Vatican City, maintains diplomatic relations with states. Foreign embassies are accredited to the Holy See, not to Vatican City, and it is the Holy See that establishes treaties and concordats with other sovereign entities. When necessary, the Holy See will enter a treaty on behalf of Vatican City.
As governed by the Holy See, Vatican City State is an ecclesiastical or sacerdotal - monarchical state ruled by the Pope, who is the bishop of Rome and head of the Catholic Church. The highest state functionaries are all Catholic clergy of various origins. After the Avignon Papacy (1309–1377) the popes have mainly resided at the Apostolic ...
- A Sui Generis Entity Possessing International Personality
- Self-Perception of The Holy See
- The Legal Basis of The Holy See's International Personality
- Status Between 1870 and 1929
- Opposition to The Holy See's Participation in Multilateral Forums
- See Also
- Bibliography
- External Links
Although the Holy See, as distinct from the Vatican City State, does not fulfill the long-established criteria in international law of statehood; i.e. having a permanent population, a defined territory, a stable government and the capacity to enter into relations with other states; its possession of full legal personality in international law is ev...
Moreover, the Holy See itself, while claiming international legal personality, does not claim to be a State. Cardinal Jean-Louis Tauran, former Secretary for Relations with States of the Secretariat of Stateof the Holy See, has underlined the need to avoid assimilating the Holy See and its international action with that of a State, with their thirs...
For some experts, the current legal personality of the Holy See is a remnant of its preeminent role in medieval politics. Thus Arangio-Ruiz noted that the Holy See has been an actor in the evolution of international law since before the creation of strong nation states, and that it has maintained international personality since. For others, the int...
A separate question is whether the Holy See was a subject of international law between 1870, when the Kingdom of Italy annexed the Papal States, and 1929, when the Lateran Treaties were signed. The United States, for instance, suspended diplomatic relations with the Holy See when it lost the Papal States. Similarly, Oppenheim believed that the lega...
Since 1995, the non-governmental organization Catholics for Choice has advocated against the participation of the Holy See in multilateral forums. It argues that the Holy See is a religious organization and not a state, and that, therefore, it should have neither a special status in international law nor the right to participate, in a position anal...
Abdullah, Yasmin, “Note, The Holy See at United Nations Conferences: State or Church?” 96 Columbia Law Review1835 (1996)Acquaviva, Guido, “Subjects of International Law: A Power-Based Analysis,” 38 Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law(2005)Arangio-Ruiz, Gaetano, “On the Nature of the International Personality of the Holy See,” 29 Revue Belge de Droit International (1996)Melanie Black, The Unusual Sovereign State: The Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act and Litigation Against the Holy See for Its Role in the Global Priest Sexual Abuse Scandal, Wisconsin International...Jan 5, 2021 · While the Vatican City and Holy See are often mistakenly used interchangeably, the two are distinct. The Vatican City is a city-state, meaning that it is a distinct geographical entity and the world’s smallest country by population and size, with the Pope as the head of state. However, Holy See is not a geographic region or country, but a ...
- John Misachi
Vatican City State was founded on 11 February 1929 following the signing of the Lateran Pacts between the Holy See and Italy. Located within Vatican City is the Apostolic Palace, the residence of the Pope. Vatican City State is the territory of the Holy See (Sancta Sedes), the seat of the episcopal jurisdiction and the central government of the ...
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The Fundamental Accord, signed in 1993, grants property rights and tax exemptions to the Holy See over various Christian holy sites in Israel, but the agreement was never finalized because of diplomatic problems between the Vatican and Israeli governments. See also. Papal States; Vatican City State; Index of Vatican City-related articles
