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      • Drawing on Buber’s (1958) distinction between the “I-Thou” and “I-It” attitude, it is proposed that intrapersonal relationships can take one of two forms: an “I-I” form, in which one I-position encounters and confirms another I-position in its uniqueness and wholeness; and an “I-Me” form, in which one I-position experiences another I-position in a detached and objectifying way.
  1. Sep 4, 2018 · James (1890) distinguished two understandings of the self, the self as “Meand the self as “I”. This distinction has recently regained popularity in cognitive science, especially in the context of experimental studies on the underpinnings of the phenomenal self.

    • Figure 1

      An illustration of James (1890) and Wittgenstein’s (1958)...

    • ​ Tables2 2

      The representational structure underlying the phenomenal...

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    • What Is The Meaning of Self-Esteem?
    • Self-Esteem and Psychology
    • Incorporating Self-Esteem in Positive Psychology
    • 22 Examples of High Self-Esteem
    • 18 Surprising Statistics and Facts About Self-Esteem
    • Relevant Research
    • Can We Help Boost Self-Esteem Issues with Therapy and Counseling?
    • The Benefits of Developing Self-Esteem with Meditation
    • Can You Test Self-Esteem, and What Are The Problems with Assessment?
    • 17 Factors That Influence Self-Esteem

    You probably already have a good idea, but let’s start from the beginning anyway: what is self-esteem? Self-esteem refers to a person’s overall sense of his or her valueor worth. It can be considered a sort of measure of how much a person “values, approves of, appreciates, prizes, or likes him or herself” (Adler & Stewart, 2004). According to self-...

    Self-esteem has been a hot topic in psychology for decades, going about as far back as psychology itself. Even Freud, who many consider the founding father of psychology (although he’s a bit of an estranged father at this point), had theories about self-esteem at the heart of his work. What self-esteem is, how it develops (or fails to develop) and ...

    Dr. Martin Seligman has some concerns about openly accepting self-esteem as part of positive psychology. He worries that people live in the world where self-esteem is injected into a person’s identity, not caring in how it is done, as long as the image of “confidence” is obtained. He expressed the following in 2006: Seligman makes a great point, as...

    There are certain characteristics that distinguish how high someone’s self-esteem is. Examples of these characteristics are being open to criticism, acknowledging mistakes, being comfortable with giving and receiving compliments, and displaying a harmony between what one says, does, looks, sounds, and moves. People with high self-esteem are unafrai...

    It can be hard to really wrap your mind around self-esteem and why it is so important. To help you out, we’ve gathered a list of some of the most significant and relevant findings about self-esteem and low self-esteem in particular. Although some of these facts may make sense to you, you will likely find that at least one or two surprise you—specif...

    Luckily, there are many researchers who have tackled this topic. Numerous studies have shown us that it is possible to build self-esteem, especially in children and young people. How? There are many ways! Recent research found a correlation between self-esteem and optimism with university students from Brazil (Bastianello, Pacico & Hutz & 2014). On...

    Based on research like that described above, we have learned that there are many ways therapy and counseling can help clients to improve their self-esteem. If done correctly, therapy can be an excellent method of enhancing self-esteem, especially if it’s low to begin with. Here are some of the ways therapy and counseling can a client’s boost self-e...

    Besides clinical interventions, there are also things people can do on their own to boost their self-esteem. One of these methods is meditation—yes, you can add yet another benefit of meditation to the list! However, not only can we develop self-esteem through meditation, we also gain some other important benefits. When we meditate, we cultivate ou...

    Self-esteem is the topic of many a psychological scale and assessment, and many of them are valid, reliable, and very popular among researchers; however, these assessments are not perfect. There are a few problems and considerations you should take into account if you want to measure self-esteem, including: 1. Lack of consensus on the definition (D...

    It might be quicker to list what factors don’t influence self-esteem than to identify which factors do influence it! As you might expect, self-esteem is a complex construct and there are many factors that contribute to it, whether positively or negatively. For a quick sample of some of the many factors that are known to influence self-esteem, check...

  3. Feb 14, 2024 · In the field of humanistic psychology, incongruence refers to a state where there is a mismatch or conflict between an individual’s self-image and actual experience. Rooted in Carl Rogers’ client-centered therapy, incongruence is the difference between our ‘real self’ and ‘ideal self.

  4. Jul 8, 2021 · Listening is an active process, whereas hearing is a passive process. Listening requires paying attention, whereas hearing requires no concentration or attention skills. Listening...

  5. What is the difference between therapy, counseling, and coaching? What is the difference between a psychologist and a psychiatrist? Can all therapy be delivered online or by phone?

  6. Specifically, this article will argue that psychological well-being is associated with the experiencing of I-Thou-like moments of encounter between the multiple I-positions; whereas psychological distress is associated with the predominance of I-It-like relationships between the multiple I-positions.

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