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The Trail of Tears was the forced displacement of approximately 60,000 people of the "Five Civilized Tribes" between 1830 and 1850, and the additional thousands of Native Americans within that were ethnically cleansed by the United States government.
- The 'indian Problem'
- Worcester v. Georgia
- Indian Removal Act
- Trail of Tears
- Treaty of New Echota
- John Ross
- Legacy of The Trail of Tears
- Sources
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White Americans, particularly those who lived on the western frontier, often feared and resented the Native Americansthey encountered: To them, American Indians seemed to be an unfamiliar, alien people who occupied land that white settlers wanted (and believed they deserved). Some officials in the early years of the American republic, such as Presi...
State governments joined in this effort to drive Native Americans out of the South. Several states passed laws limiting Native American sovereignty and rights and encroaching on their territory. In Worcester v. Georgia (1832), the U.S. Supreme Courtobjected to these practices and affirmed that native nations were sovereign nations “in which the law...
Andrew Jackson had long been an advocate of what he called “Indian removal.” As an Army general, he had spent years leading brutal campaigns against the Creeks in Georgia and Alabama and the Seminoles in Florida–campaigns that resulted in the transfer of hundreds of thousands of acres of land from Indian nations to white farmers. As president, he c...
In the winter of 1831, under threat of invasion by the U.S. Army, the Choctaw became the first nation to be expelled from its land altogether. They made the journey to Indian Territory on foot (some “bound in chains and marched double file,” one historian writes), and without any food, supplies or other help from the government. Thousands of people...
The Cherokee people were divided: What was the best way to handle the government’s determination to get its hands on their territory? Some wanted to stay and fight. Others thought it was more pragmatic to agree to leave in exchange for money and other concessions. In 1835, a few self-appointed representatives of the Cherokee nation negotiated the T...
“The instrument in question is not the act of our nation,” wrote the nation’s principal chief, John Ross, in a letter to the U.S. Senateprotesting the Treaty of New Echota. “We are not parties to its covenants; it has not received the sanction of our people.” Nearly 16,000 Cherokees signed Ross’s petition, but Congress approved the treaty anyway. B...
By 1840, tens of thousands of Native Americans had been driven off of their land in the southeastern states and forced to move across the Mississippi to Indian Territory. The federal government promised that their new land would remain unmolested forever, but as the line of white settlement pushed westward, “Indian Country” shrank and shrank. In 19...
Trail of Tears. NPS.gov. Trail of Tears. Museum of the Cherokee Indian. The Treaty of New Echota and the Trail of Tears. North Carolina Department of Natural and Cultural Resources. The Treaty That Forced the Cherokee People from Their Homelands Goes on View. Smithsonian Magazine. Justices rule swath of Oklahoma remains tribal reservation. Associat...
Learn how President Andrew Jackson forced thousands of Native Americans to leave their land in the southeastern United States and walk hundreds of miles to Oklahoma. Explore the causes, consequences and controversies of the Trail of Tears.
May 28, 2024 · The Trail of Tears was the forced relocation during the 1830s of Indigenous peoples of the Southeast region of the United States (including the Cherokee, Creek, Chickasaw, Choctaw, and Seminole, among others) to the so-called Indian Territory west of the Mississippi River.
Nov 4, 2020 · This forced relocation became known as the “Trail of Tears” because of the great hardship faced by Cherokees. In brutal conditions, nearly 4,000 Cherokees died on the Trail of Tears.
May 8, 2013 · Learn how Jackson forced the Cherokees and other tribes to leave their lands in the Southeast and move westward in the 1830s. Read about the legal battles, the resistance, and the consequences of the Trail of Tears.
- Rasheeda Smith
Aug 3, 2023 · Learn about the federal policy of Indian removal that forced thousands of Cherokees and other tribes to leave their lands in the southeastern U.S. and move west of the Mississippi River in the 1830s. Explore the causes, events, and consequences of the Trail of Tears, a tragic journey that claimed many lives.
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Oct 29, 2009 · For some, his legacy is tarnished by his role in the Trail of Tears—the forced relocation of Native American tribes living east of the Mississippi.
