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- Design in which participants with an outcome (case group) and participants without the outcome (control group) are sampled from a defined source population and compared with respect to the frequency of one or more exposures May be prospective or retrospective May be nested within a cohort study
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What are the different types of study designs?
What measure of association can be calculated from different study designs?
Why do we need a study design?
Are all study designs equal?
A study design to identify associations: Study design: observational cohort studies. BJOG. 2018 Dec;125 (13):1776. doi: 10.1111/1471-0528.15203. Epub 2018 Jun 19. Authors. Alexander Melamed 1 , Julian N Robinson 2. Affiliations. 1 Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA.
- Understanding Research Study Designs
Analytical or inferential studies try to prove a hypothesis...
- PMC Free Article
The study design used to answer a particular research...
- Understanding Research Study Designs
Analytical or inferential studies try to prove a hypothesis and establish an association between an exposure and an outcome. These studies usually have a comparator group. Analytical studies are further classified as observational or interventional studies.
- Priya Ranganathan
- 2019
The study design used to answer a particular research question depends on the nature of the question and the availability of resources. In this article, which is the first part of a series on “study designs,” we provide an overview of research study designs and their classification.
- Priya Ranganathan, Rakesh Aggarwal
- 10.4103/picr.PICR_124_18
- 2018
- Oct-Dec 2018
- Studies That Use Prevalence Data
- Conclusions
- References
Following participants while waiting for incident cases of disease is expensive and time-consuming. Often, epidemiologists need a faster (and cheaper) answer to their question about a particular exposure/disease combination. One might instead take advantage of prevalent cases of disease, which by definition have already occurred and therefore requi...
Epidemiologic data are often summarized in 2 × 2 tables. There are 2 main measures of association commonly used in epidemiology: the risk ratio/rate ratio (relative risk) and the odds ratio. The former is calculated for study designs that collect data on incidence: cohorts and RCTs. The latter is calculated for study designs that use prevalent case...
i. Bodner K, Bodner-Adler B, Wierrani F, Mayerhofer K, Fousek C, Niedermayr A, Grünberger. Effects of water birth on maternal and neonatal outcomes. Wien Klin Wochenschr. 2002;114(10-11):391-395. (↵ Return) ii. Declercq E. The absolute power of relative risk in debates on repeat cesareans and home birth in the United States. J Clin Ethics. 2013;24(...
- Marit L. Bovbjerg
- 2020
Jun 19, 2018 · Learning points. Cohort studies are useful for studying the risk of developing an outcome according to the presence or absence of an exposure. Cohort studies have limited ability to establish causal association when important confounders are unmeasured.
- Alexander Melamed, Julian N Robinson
- 2
- 2018
- 19 June 2018
Figure description. All study designs are not created to be equal, but each has a specific purpose. Each study design helps us move closer to an understanding of causality ( section 1.2 ). As you move from in-vitro studies to meta-analyses (figure 3.2), you can see that the evidence each study design provides becomes stronger.
In analytical observational studies, researchers try to establish an association between exposure(s) and outcome(s). Depending on the direction of enquiry, these studies can be directed forwards (cohort studies) or backwards (case–control studies). In this article, we examine the key features of these two types of studies.
