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What is emergence in psychology?
What is emergentism in psychology?
What is emergence in cognitive science?
What is strong emergence?
Emergentism is a form of materialism which holds that some complex natural phe-nomena cannot be studied using reductionist methods. My first goal in this paper is to identify the historical roots of two emergentist paradigms in contemporary psychology: sociocultural psychology and cognitive science.
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In psychology, " emergence " refers to the phenomenon where complex behaviors or properties arise from the interaction of simpler components or elements, without any inherent guidance or direction from an external agent. Emergence is often studied in the context of complex systems such as the brain, social groups, or ecosystems.
Apr 5, 2020 · She defines strong emergence as “the hypothetical possibility that a system with many constituents displays novel behavior which cannot be derived from the...
30 years an alternative approach has arisen. Symbols and processes that operate on them are often seen today as approximate characterizations of the emergent consequences of sub- or nonsymbolic processes, and a wide range of constructs in cognitive science can be understood as emergents.
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- Infancy
- Childhood
psychological development, the development of human beings’ cognitive, emotional, intellectual, and social capabilities and functioning over the course of a normal life span, from infancy through old age. It is the subject matter of the discipline known as developmental psychology. Child psychology was the traditional focus of research, but since t...
Infancy is the period between birth and the acquisition of language one to two years later. Besides a set of inherited reflexes that help them obtain nourishment and react to danger, newborns are equipped with a predilection for certain visual patterns, including that of the human face, and for certain sounds, including that of the human voice. Within a few months they are able to identify their mothers by sight, and they show a striking sensitivity to the tones, rhythmic flow, and individual sounds that make up human speech. Even young infants are capable of complex perceptual judgments involving distance, shape, direction, and depth, and they are soon able to organize their experience by creating categories for objects and events (e.g., people, furniture, food, animals) in the same way older people do.
Infants make rapid advances in both recognition and recall memory, and this in turn increases their ability to understand and anticipate events in their environment. A fundamental advance at this time is the recognition of object permanence—i.e., the awareness that external objects exist independently of the infant’s perception of them. Infants’ physical interactions with their environment progress from simple uncoordinated reflex movements to more coordinated actions that are intentionally repeated because they are interesting or because they can be used to achieve an external goal. At about 18 months of age, the child starts trying to solve physical problems by mentally imagining certain events and outcomes rather than through simple trial-and-error experimentation.
Three-month-old infants already display behavioral reactions suggestive of such emotional states as surprise, distress, relaxation, and excitement. New emotional states, including anger, sadness, and fear, all appear by the first year. Infants’ emotional life is centred on the attachments they form to their mothers or other primary caregivers, and through these interactions infants learn to love, trust, and depend on other human beings. Babies begin to smile at other people beginning at about two months, and their attachments to mothers and caregivers are developed by about six months. These attachments form the basis for healthy emotional and social development throughout childhood.
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The second major phase in human development, childhood, extends from one or two years of age until the onset of adolescence at age 12 or 13. The early years of childhood are marked by enormous strides in the understanding and use of language. Children begin to comprehend words some months before they themselves actually speak. Infants on average speak their first words by 12–14 months, and by the 18th month they have a speaking vocabulary of about 50 words. Children begin to use two- and then three-word combinations and progress from simple noun-verb combinations to more grammatically complex sequences, using conjunctions, prepositions, articles, and tenses with growing fluency and accuracy. By their fourth year most children can speak in adultlike sentences and have begun to master the more complex rules of grammar and meaning.
In their cognitive abilities, children make a transition from relying solely on concrete, tangible reality to performing logical operations on abstract and symbolic material. Even two-year-old children behave as though the external world is a permanent place, independent of their perceptions, and they exhibit experimental or goal-directed behaviour that may be creatively and spontaneously adapted for new purposes. During the period from two to seven years, children begin to manipulate the environment by means of symbolic thought and language; they become capable of solving new types of logical problems and begin to use mental operations that are flexible and fully reversible in thought. Between the ages of 7 and 12, the beginnings of logic appear in the form of classifications of ideas, an understanding of time and number, and a greater appreciation of seriation and other hierarchical relationships.
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Apr 7, 2013 · 1. Philosophy of the mind where the notion that conscious experience results but can't be reduced to a brain process. 2. The idea that higher order phenomena come from lower order ones.See epigenetic theory.
Jun 12, 2020 · In this paper, we discuss the critical role emergence plays in creating phenomenal consciousness and how this role helps explain what appears to be a scientific explanatory gap between the subjective experience and the brain, but which is actually not a scientific gap at all.
