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Georg Johann Pfeffer (1854–1931) was a German zoologist, primarily a malacologist, a scientist who studies mollusks. Illustration of the long-armed squid, Chiroteuthis veranyi (Férussac, 1835), from G.J. Pfeffer (1912). Pfeffer was born in Berlin.
The Pittsburgh Pike was an early toll road in the United States. History and notable features
Sep 12, 2015 · The 1939 report determined that toll funding would not work for transcontinental roads but the traffic and route studies in the report, and its master plan for free road development, laid the groundwork for the later development of the Interstate Highway System.
- History
- Charging Methods
- Collection Methods
- Financing and Management
- Arguments Against Toll Roads
- Arguments in Favor of Toll Roads
- Gallery
- See Also
- External Links
Ancient times
Toll roads have existed for at least the last 2,700 years, as tolls had to be paid by travellers using the Susa–Babylon highway under the regime of Ashurbanipal, who reigned in the seventh century BC. Aristotle and Pliny refer to tolls in Arabia and other parts of Asia. In India, before the fourth century BC, the Arthashastra notes the use of tolls. Germanic tribes charged tolls to travellers across mountain passes.
Middle Ages
Most roads were not freely open to travel on in Europe during the Middle Ages, and the toll was one of many feudal fees paid for rights of usage in everyday life. Some major European "highways", such as the Via Regia and Via Imperii, offered protectionto travelers in exchange for paying the royal toll. Many modern European roads were originally constructed as toll roads in order to recoup the costs of construction and maintenance, and to generate revenue from passing travelers. In 14th-centur...
17th-century Dahomey
After significant road construction undertaken by the West African kingdom of Dahomey, toll booths were also established with the function of collecting yearly taxes based on the goods carried by the people of Dahomey and their occupation. In some cases, officials imposed fines for public nuisance before allowing people to pass.
Road tolls were levied traditionally for a specific access (e.g. city) or for a specific infrastructure (e.g. roads, bridges). These concepts were widely used until the last century. However, the evolution in technology made it possible to implement road tolling policies based on different concepts. The different charging concepts are designed to s...
Traditionally, tolls were paid by hand at a toll gate. Although payments may still be made in cash, it is more common now to pay using an electronic toll collection system. In some places, payment is made using transponderswhich are affixed to the windscreen. Three systems of toll roads exist: open (with mainline barrier toll plazas); closed (with ...
Some toll roads are managed under such systems as the Build-Operate-Transfer (BOT) system. Private companies build the roads and are given a limited franchise. Ownership is transferred to the government when the franchise expires. This type of arrangement is prevalent in Australia, Canada, Hong Kong, Indonesia, India, South Korea, Japan, and the Ph...
Toll roads have been criticised[by whom?] as being inefficient[clarification needed]in various ways: 1. They require vehicles to stop or slow down (except open road tolling); manual toll collection wastes time and raises vehicle operating costs.[citation needed] 2. Collection costs can reduce revenue by up to a third, and revenue theft is considere...
Tolls help internalize some of the externalities of automobiles, that is costs automobile traffic imposes on society that are not borne by users.Through dynamic pricing trips that do not have to occur at rush hour can be moved to other times of the day or be avoided altogether. This makes more efficient use of existing road capacity.As richer people on average own more cars and drive more using public funds especially those derived from regressive taxes like sales taxes represents wealth redistributionfrom poor households to r...The entrance to the Soreang toll gate in the Soreang area of Bandung, West Java, IndonesiaE-ZPass lanes at a New Jersey Turnpike (I-95) Toll Gate for Exit 8A in Monroe Township, New JerseyTipo toll plaza in Subic–Clark–Tarlac Expressway, Hermosa, Bataan, Philippines, before the integration with NLEX.The open road tolling lanes at the West 163rd Street toll plaza, on the Tri-State Tollway near Markham, Illinois, United StatesLanguage Label Description Also known as; English: Georg Johann Pfeffer. German zoologist
Nov 26, 2021 · November 26, 2021. More than 20,000 people died on American roadways from January to June, the highest total for the first half of any year since 2006. U.S. road fatalities have risen by more...
Jul 19, 2019 · Swirling muddy water flows across a roadway in a residential area where homes have been completely demolished in the aftermath of a flood in Johnstown, Pa., Wednesday, July 20, 1977. Damage is in...
