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Protein synthesis is a biological procedure which living cells perform to create new proteins. When studied in detail, the chemical synthesis of proteins process is extremely complex. The process begins with the production of new and different amino acids, some of which are collected from food sources.
Each bond forms in a dehydration synthesis (condensation) reaction. During protein synthesis, the carboxyl group of the amino acid at the end of the growing polypeptide chain chain reacts with the amino group of an incoming amino acid, releasing a molecule of water. The resulting bond between amino acids is a peptide bond
- N-terminus and C-terminus. What terminates extension of peptide linkage? Are they guaranteed not to ...To answer your first question, you need to look at the process of creating a peptide during Translation in the Ribosome. Messenger RNA is a sequenc...
- how are proteins and phenotypes related to one anotherProvided that a protein has been transcribed and translated or "expressed" by the genes, that is the direct expression of phenotype. Large scale th...
- Should I make any distinction between the qualities: non-polar and hydrophobic or polar and hydrophi...Yes, you should make a distinction. While it is definitely true that most of the time they are the same, it is a good idea to keep in mind the indi...
- Hi, I remember that in the lipids lesson it said that a specific macromolecule (I don´t remember its...It is the presence of amine group and a carboxylic group with a specific configuration that makes a macro molecule to be classified as an amino aci...
- If enzymes are proteins, and they can function as a part of the digestive system, doesn't that mean ...Yes, you are right the digestive enzymes in your stomach do break down other proteins.
- Do ribosomes make amino acids or do they just synthesize proteins? If so, where are amino acids made...No, ribosomes don't make amino acids. They are just the sites where amino acids get linked together to form polypeptides. Of the 20 amino acids, 9...
- In the picture with the peptide bonding near the end, why are the hydrogens replaced with "R" groups...ig Rs refer to alkyl groups
- Distinguish between proteins and amino acidsproteins are polymers of amino acids whereas amino acid is a monomer of protein
- "Some amino acids, such as lysine and arginine, have side chains that are positively charged at phys...Lysine and arginine accept a proton and, in so doing, they act as bases and become positively charged. (Compare them with ammonia, which is a base...
DNA is used to make a copy of mRNA (Transcription) mRNA leaves the nucleus and goes to ribosomes. 3 bases = codon. 1 codon = a single amino acid. A chain of amino acids = a protein. Protein synthesis is also called Translation. Biologists use a codon chart or a codon wheel to determine the amino acids.
A book or movie has three basic parts: a beginning, middle, and end. Translation has pretty much the same three parts, but they have fancier names: initiation, elongation, and termination. Initiation ("beginning"): in this stage, the ribosome gets together with the mRNA and the first tRNA so translation can begin.
- The part about mRNA shifting one codon, isn't it the ribosome that shifts one codon?No. The ribosome is the workbench and the mRNA is being moved through the ribosome shifting downwards every codon.
- What about Initiation factors? IF1, IF2 & IF3. Please could you explain their roles? ThanksIF1, Binds to the 30S subunit to the A site, prevents tRNA binding IF2, Binds initiator tRNA (f-Met) and controls its entry to the ribosome at the...
- what about untranslated regions? such as the 5' and 3' UTRThey don't get translated! The 5' UTR is everything 5' of the start codon. The interesting question is how does the ribosome know which start codon...
- what is the total atp or gtp utilised?It costs 4n high-energy bonds to make a peptide chain. n= the number of amino acids in the chain. For example: How many high-energy phosphate bonds...
- During translation, is the tRNA used up or can it be recycled?Great question! The tRNA is released into the cell and can again be joined with an amino acid. (Details on the joining are in the previous section.)
- Don't release factors bind in the A site (not the P site)?A release factor (RF) refers to a type of translation factor that triggers translation termination. Release factors fall into two classes; Class I...
- Why do polypeptides always start with methionine? Thanks!They don't. Polypeptides frequently start with a methionine for reasons that are discussed in this article ... However, the beginnings of many poly...
- In eukaryotic mRNA, is the start codon always at the start of the first exon?Yes, it is. It cannot be considered start codon if it is not AUG at the beginning of first exon. What might confuse is that it does not have to be...
- Where does used mRNA "go" once it's been translated? Does it travel back to the nucleus or just stay...There are two things that could happen to it. It could go back to the nucleus to be reused, or, if it is detected to have outlived its usefulness,...
A gene is a sequence of nucleotide bases in a DNA molecule that codes for the production of a specific sequence of amino acids, that in turn make up a protein. This process of protein synthesis occurs in two stages: Transcription – DNA is transcribed and an mRNA molecule is produced. Translation – mRNA (messenger RNA) is translated and an ...
Most macromolecules are made from single subunits, or building blocks, called monomers. The monomers combine with each other using covalent bonds to form larger molecules known as polymers. In doing so, monomers release water molecules as byproducts. This type of reaction is dehydration synthesis, which means “to put together while losing ...
Relate protein synthesis and its two major phases to the central dogma of molecular biology. Identify the steps of transcription, and summarize what happens during each step. Explain how mRNA is processed before it leaves the nucleus. Describe what happens during the translation phase of protein synthesis.
