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1. Top results related to procedural and declarative programming

   • What is the difference between declarative and procedural programming paradigms?

     Top Answer

     Answered Sep 10, 2018 · 127 votes

     Imperative

     There are several sub-paradigms of the imperative programming paradigm, such as the procedural or the object-oriented programming paradigms.

     In the imperative programming paradigm, you describe the algorithm step-by-step, at various degrees of abstraction.

     Examples of programming languages which support the procedural paradigm:

     • C (and most other legacy languages)
     • PHP, mostly
     • In some sense, all major languages

     Object-Oriented

     It typically refers to languages that exhibit a hierarchy of types that inherit both methods and state from base types to derived types, but also includes the unusual prototype-based JavaScript.

     Examples of programming languages which support the OO paradigm:

     • Java

     Declarative

     There are several sub-paradigms of the declarative programming paradigm, such as the functional or the logic programming paradigms.

     In the declarative programming paradigm, you describe a result or a goal, and you get it via a "black box". The opposite of imperative.

     Examples of programming languages which support the declarative programming paradigm:

     • yacc
     • Treetop
     • SQL
     • Regular Expressions
     • lex
     • XSLT
     • markup, troff, CSS, VHDL

     Functional

     Functional programming emphasizes the application of functions without side effects and without mutable state. The declarative systems above exhibit certain aspects of functional programming.

     Examples of programming languages which support the declarative functional paradigm:

     • Haskell
     • OCaml
     • Scheme
     • Erlang
     • F#
     • Scala

     Other Answers

     Answered Oct 25, 2009 · 71 votes

     Declarative programming is where you say what you want without having to say how to do it. With procedural programming, you have to specify exact steps to get the result.

     For example, SQL is more declarative than procedural, because the queries don't specify steps to produce the result.

     Other Answers

     Answered Sep 07, 2018 · 51 votes

     Let me give you a real-world example: I need a cup of tea.

     Procedural:

     • Go to kitchen
     • Get sugar, milk, and tea,
     • Mix them, and heat over the fire till it boils
     • Put that in a cup and bring it to me

     Declarative:

     • Get me a cup of tea.

     In a procedural language, you define the whole process and provide the steps how to do it. You just provide orders and define how the process will be served.

     In a declarative language, you just set the command or order, and let it be on the system how to complete that order. You just need your result without digging into how it should be done.

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   • Procedural and non-procedural query language difference

     Top Answer

     Answered Nov 22, 2017 · 2 votes

     There is a myth that relational algebra notations are procedural and relational calculus notations are not. But every relation expression corresponds to a certain calculus expression with the same tree structure. So it cannot be procedural when calculus is not. You can implement/execute a query in either notation per its expression tree--or not.

     A (query) language is procedural when it has to use looping or otherwise relies on state. The alternative is often called declarative or functional.

     Any database notation that updates the database is procedural, including SQL. But that's not "querying". Typically DBMSs have extensions to SQL that allow you to partially control query execution and/or data storage order in terms of implementations concepts; that's non-procedural. But that's not SQL.

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     2/5

   • Declarative programming in java

     Top Answer

     Answered Apr 22, 2012 · 6 votes

     As a commenter said, your example is more functional programming than declarative programming, although the two are similar in some respects. In real declarative programming, you'd be more results oriented -- you'd be specifying what to do with the interesting elements in the list, rather than transforming the list for its own sake. A rule engine like Jess is an example of a declarative programming system (disclaimer, I'm the author of Jess.)

     To answer your one simple question: yes. All functional or declarative programming systems involve a runtime system that has to be implemented on the real computer the program is running on. Since the real computer is invariably an imperative von Neumann machine, that runtime system has to be written imperatively. It is therefore an additional layer of abstraction between your program and the hardware.

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   • Procedural and Data abstraction in ruby

     Top Answer

     Answered Sep 13, 2015 · 5 votes

     Data abstraction is fundamental to most object oriented language - wherein the classes are designed to encapsulate data and provide methods to control how that data is modified (if at all), or helper methods to derive meaning of that data.

     Ruby's Array class is an example of Data Abstraction. It provides a mechanism to manage an array of Objects, and provides operations that can be performed on that array, without you having to care how internally it is organized.

     arr = [1,3,4,5,2,10]p arr.class # Prints Arrayp arr.sort # Prints [1,2,3,4,5,10]-

     Procedural abstraction is about hiding implementation details of procedure from the user. In the above example, you don't really need to know what sorting algorithm sort method uses internally, you just use it assuming that nice folks in Ruby Core team picked a best one for you.

     At the same time, Ruby may not know how to compare two items present in the Array always. For example, below code would not run as Ruby does not know how to compare strings and numbers.

     [1,3,4,5,"a","c","b", 2,10].sort #=> `sort': comparison of Fixnum with String failed (ArgumentError)-

     It allows us to hook into implementation and help with comparison, even though underlying sorting algorithm remains same (as it is abstracted from the user)

     [1,3,4,5,"a","c","b", 2,10].sort { |i,j| if i.class == String and j.class == String i <=> j elsif i.class == Fixnum and j.class == Fixnum i <=> j else 0 end}#=> [1, 3, 4, 5, 2, 10, "a", "b", "c"]-

     When writing code for your own problems, procedural abstraction can be used to ensure a procedure often breaks down its problem into sub-problems, and solves each sub-problems using separate procedure. This allows, certain aspects to be extended later (as in above case, comparison could be extended - thanks to Ruby blocks, it was much easier). Template method pattern is good technique to achieve this.

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   • What is the difference between functional programming and declarative programming?

     Top Answer

     Answered Apr 12, 2018 · 7 votes

     A non-functional declarative language is PROLOG. Programming in PROLOG is stating a number of facts, and then ask questions, which the system tries to verify or deny.

     Example:

     human(socrates). // "Socrates is a human."mortal(X) :- human(X). // "If X is a human, then X is mortal" or // "All humans are mortal."? mortal(socrates) // Is Socrates mortal?Yes.? mortal(X) // Who is mortal?socrates ? mortal(pythagoras). No. // since system doesn't know about any human except Socrates

     Another well known language that is declarative, but not functional, is SQL.

     Note that there are not only no functions as first class values. In the PROLOG example, there are no functions at all! To be sure, both SQL and PROLOG have some built-in functions, but have no way to let you write your own functions. One could think that the rule

     mortal(X) :- human(X).-

     is a function, but it isn't, it is an inference rule. Hence, declarative, non-functional languages.

     For the second part of your question: it is certainly possible to write imperative code in functional programming languages. Simon Peyton Jones once stated that he thinks that Haskell is the finest imperative programming language in the world. (And this was only a half joke.)

     Example:

     main = do print "Enter a number" line <- getLine print (succ (read line :: Int))

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2. opentext.uoregon.edu › languagelearning › chapterDeclarative and Procedural Knowledge – Language Learning

   opentext.uoregon.edu › languagelearning › chapter

   Building both declarative and procedural knowledge is an important part of language learning, and knowledge and familiarity can be slow to develop. This is normal as well, ye t monitoring your progress can assist in self-reflecting on when something becomes automated in your brain. When setting your goals, remember your current knowledge ...

3. www.geeksforgeeks.org › what-is-a-productionWhat is a Production System in AI? - GeeksforGeeks

   www.geeksforgeeks.org › what-is-a-production

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   3 days ago · 3. Declarative Systems. Understanding Declarative Knowledge. Declarative systems are based on facts and information about what something is, rather than how to do something. These systems store knowledge that can be queried to make decisions or solve problems. Instances of Declarative Systems in AI

4. stackoverflow.com › questions › 1619834What is the difference between declarative and procedural ...

   stackoverflow.com › questions › 1619834

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   Oct 25, 2009 · Declarative programming is where you say what you want without having to say how to do it. With procedural programming, you have to specify exact steps to get the result. For example, SQL is more declarative than procedural, because the queries don't specify steps to produce the result.

   • Imperative. There are several sub-paradigms of the imperative programming paradigm, such as the procedural or the object-oriented programming para...
   • Let me give you a real-world example: I need a cup of tea. Procedural: Go to kitchen. Get sugar, milk, and tea, Mix them, and heat over the fir...
   • Procedural Programming : In procedural programming, when the program starts, it follows a set of instructions. The instructions may change based o...
   • The main difference between two programming languages are, In procedural programming, we tell the computer how to solve the problem and in declarat...
   • To address the ansible comment and maybe provide an example between the differences of the two. Ansible is procedural where as something like puppe...

5. www.geeksforgeeks.org › difference-betweenDifference between Procedural and Declarative Knowledge

   www.geeksforgeeks.org › difference-between

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   Jun 28, 2020 · Procedural Knowledge Declarative Knowledge; 1. It is also known as Interpretive knowledge. It is also known as Descriptive knowledge. 2. Procedural Knowledge means how a particular thing can be accomplished. While Declarative Knowledge means basic knowledge about something. 3. Procedural Knowledge is generally not used means it is not more popular.

6. declarative.dev › article › Declarative_vsDeclarative vs Procedural Programming Whats the Difference

   declarative.dev › article › Declarative_vs

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   The biggest difference between declarative and procedural programming is the focus on what vs. how. Declarative programming focuses on describing what you want to happen, while procedural programming focuses on describing how you want something to happen.

7. People also ask

   What is the difference between declarative and procedural programming?

   • The biggest difference between declarative and procedural programming is the focus on what vs. how. Declarative programming focuses on describing what you want to happen, while procedural programming focuses on describing how you want something to happen. Declarative programming tends to be more abstract than procedural programming.

   Declarative vs Procedural Programming Whats the Difference

   declarative.dev/article/Declarative_vs_Procedural_Programming_Whats_the_Difference.html

   See all results for this question

   What is the difference between declarative and procedural knowledge?

   • Where procedural knowledge is knowledge demonstrated through action, declarative knowledge is knowledge that you can easily explain. Now that we know the basics of what defines declarative and procedural knowledge, I want to exercise these ideas, and hopefully prove to you that you know more than you think thanks to your procedural knowledge.

   Declarative and Procedural Knowledge – Language Learning

   opentext.uoregon.edu/languagelearning/chapter/declarative-and-procedural-knowledge/

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   What is declarative programming?

   • Declarative programming is a programming paradigm that focuses on describing what you want to happen, rather than how you want it to happen. In other words, you tell the computer what you want to achieve, and it figures out the best way to do it. One of the most popular examples of declarative programming is SQL.

   Declarative vs Procedural Programming Whats the Difference

   declarative.dev/article/Declarative_vs_Procedural_Programming_Whats_the_Difference.html

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   Are translations declarative or procedural knowledge?

   • Thinking of translations is an indication of declarative knowledge! These are just examples of declarative and procedural knowledge, and whether your knowledge of anything is more declarative or procedural it’s ok.

   Declarative and Procedural Knowledge – Language Learning

   opentext.uoregon.edu/languagelearning/chapter/declarative-and-procedural-knowledge/

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8. www.baeldung.com › cs › imperative-vs-declarativeImperative and Declarative Programming Paradigms - Baeldung

   www.baeldung.com › cs › imperative-vs-declarative

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   Mar 18, 2024 · In this article, we’ll explore the imperative and declarative programming paradigms. First, we’ll have a brief review of programming paradigms. Then, we’ll investigate the imperative paradigm. In this context, we’ll analyze the derived paradigms of procedural and object-oriented programming.

9. www.freecodecamp.org › news › an-introduction-toProgramming Paradigms – Paradigm Examples for Beginners

   www.freecodecamp.org › news › an-introduction-to

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   May 2, 2022 · Imperative, procedural, functional, declarative, and object oriented paradigms are some of the most popular and widely used paradigms today. And knowing the basics about them is good for general knowledge and also for better understanding other topics of the coding world.