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The definition of a unitary business has figured prominently in several recent decisions of the U.S. Supreme Court on the constitutionality of state corporate income taxes. This paper employs economic analysis to frame a three part test of whether a unitary business exists. Underlying the tests is the notion that a unitary business exists when ...
- Charles E McLure, Charles E McLure
- 1983
- John Phillimore
- Dimensions of IGR
- Horizontal
- IGR Institutions and Processes
- Intergovernmental agreements (IGA)
- Interest groups
- Improving IGR
Curtin University This article discusses several features of intergovernmental relations (IGR), paying particular attention to IGR in federations. A number of recent trends and challenges are identified, and implications are drawn for the analysis of IGR. The article shows how IGR has traditionally been dominated by informal processes and power rel...
There are several different dimensions to IGR that provide the basis for subsequent analysis of IGR institutions and processes. These include vertical, horizontal and sectoral dimensions, as well as the degree of formality with which IGR is carried out.
Horizontal IGR can take many forms and in-volve some or all of the constituent units. Typ-ically, horizontal relations between constituent units arise to deal with geographic trans-border issues such as rivers, transport, local taxation and service provision. In addition, national peak bodies of constituent unit government leaders have been formed ...
There is a wide range of IGR institutions and processes, most of which are extra-constitutional. Most belong to the executive branch of government.
An important method of coordinating IGR in all countries occurs through formal agreements between governments. In some countries these are legislated, but in most they are concluded through executive agreement alone – although they may form the basis subsequently for legis-lation and the establishment of funding pro-grams or new agencies. Australia...
Interest groups can both reflect and influ-ence the form of IGR in a country. In Australia, for example, business groups and trade unions used to be state-based but have steadily become more national in organisa-tion, focus and policy prescriptions, as the fed-eral government has taken on more respon-sibility for economic, competition, regulation a...
Many discussions on IGR have a normative fo-cus, aimed at improving the conduct of IGR and the federation more generally (Chattopadhyay and Nerenberg 2010: vii-viii). Of course, im-provement is in the eye of the beholder and may well be seen differently by different govern-ments within the IGR system. Increased policy and administrative autonomy ra...
- John Phillimore
- 2013
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Issue Date May 1983. The definition of a unitary business has figured prominently in several recent decisions of the U.S. Supreme Court on the constitutionality of state corporate income taxes. This paper employs economic analysis to frame a three part test of whether a unitary business exists.
- Charles E McLure, Charles E McLure
- 1983
Robert Longley. Updated on February 02, 2022. A unitary state, or unitary government, is a governing system in which a single central government has total power over all of its other political subdivisions. A unitary state is the opposite of a federation, where governmental powers and responsibilities are divided.
Apr 11, 2004 · Abstract. The definition of a unitary business has figured prominently in several recent decisions of the U.S. Supreme Court on the constitutionality of state corporate income taxes. This paper employs economic analysis to frame a three part test of whether a unitary business exists.
- Charles E McLure, Charles E McLure
- 1983
Dec 10, 2020 · In pluralist theory, unions balance power in the organization and democratize the governance system but, in reality, the entire capitalist system is the coercive exploiter and unions are a sop that bring marginal improvements, preserve peace, and ideologically indoctrinate workers that it advances their interests to make more profits for their ...
Division of power can also occur via a unitary structure or confederation . In contrast to federalism, a unitary system makes subnational governments dependent on the national government, where significant authority is concentrated. Before the late 1990s, the United Kingdom’s unitary system was centralized to the extent that the national ...
