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Historical Map of South American nations (19 July 1918 - South America in the Great War: When World War I broke out in Europe, the German East Asia Squadron attempted to reach the Atlantic via the Pacific and Cape Horn, raiding merchant ships along the route. After the squadron was defeated off the Falkland Islands in late 1914, German ...
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As used in the Historical Atlas of South America (19 July...
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- Introduction↑
- Dutch Openness and Dependency↑
- Neutrality↑
- Isolation↑
- Production↑
- New Production↑
- Structural Change↑
- Post-War Consequences↑
- Conclusion↑
At least until 1940, when German troops attacked Western Europe once again, Berlin’s 1914 decision to ignore Belgium’s neutrality and honour that of its similarly small northern neighbour, had massive consequences for both countries. In Belgium it is generally believed that the Netherlands profited from the war, while many Dutch are barely aware of...
By 1885, the 19th century’s canalization of the Rhine was almost complete. Over the next thirty years, the scale of steam-tugged trains of barges increased constantly. Consequently, freight rates dropped 80 percent while rail tariffs remained stable. This suited perfectly the increasing demand for transport in the industrial heart of Western Europe...
As a substantial part of German trade went through the Netherlands, in 1909, after the Declaration of London was signed, Helmuth von Moltke (1848-1916), Chief of the German General Staff, decided to keep the Dutch out of any European conflict. According to the Declaration, in times of war trade would go on. Neutral ships only had to hand over their...
From August 1914, the Dutch were confronted with huge economic problems. Around 9 percent of the labour force had been sent to the army, foreign supply was cut off, and financial markets panicked. However, the informal September 1914 Dutch-German agreement on coal supply soon created stability and before the end of 1914 import substitution and gove...
As mentioned above, the NOT’s policy meant that industry could continue. According to Van der Bie’s statistical reconstruction (see Table 1), however, the economic setback was severe. In 1914 industrial production decreased over 5 percent and stabilized in 1915. Employment also remained low initially, but grew in 1916. According to the Director-Gen...
Cutting off imports generated opportunities. Competition disappeared not just because of the blockade, but also because the belligerents needed their goods at home. Dutch companies thus obtained opportunities to gain better positions in post-war competition. When the economic struggle reached its peak in 1917 nothing was left for non-belligerents. ...
After 1914, industrial production recovered. 1916 was a year of high employment. Due to high demand and limited supply, prices increased while wages stagnated. Thus, between 1913 and 1917 real labour costs declined by 17 percent, yielding high profits. The increase in competitiveness is partly explained by the growth of capital stock by 4.6 percent...
When the armistice was signed, Dutch industry was ready to supply the continent. However, the 1918 truce did not immediately result in orders. Many expected lower prices and waited. 1919 brought improvement to some industries, but uncertainty remained. Compared to the war years, improvements were undeniable, but for some industries developments wer...
The blockade and submarine warfare were much more than a barrier to trade. World War I crushed the transnational northwest European economic region. Dutch businesses had to survive in a completely different setting. From 1915 growing domestic demand resulted in spontaneous import substitution, often involving horizontal and vertical integration. A ...
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The Global Financial System before the War ↑. Global finance in the first decade of the 20 th century was based on the gold standard, a hybrid public-private system. It was public insofar as it underpinned the national currencies of sovereign countries—59 nations were part of the system in July 1914—and set the boundaries within which private businesses, banks, and individuals could ...
Table 2: Dutch GNP, 1913-1920 Changing Gears ↑. Under these dire circumstances, a new government took office in September 1918. It quickly disbanded or severely curtailed the independence of most of the business committees (such as the NOT and Kröller’s "Assistance Committee" at Posthuma’s agricultural ministry) that had helped keep the Netherlands neutral and prosperous during the ...
The Netherlands followed the UK in its timing, and coordinated its policies with Australia, New Zealand, South Africa and the Dutch East Indies. By the end of 1925, some 35 currencies were officially or de facto convertible into gold (Eichengreen Reference Eichengreen 1992 , p. 192).
The Netherlands, Britain and the United States tried to defend the colony from the Japanese forces as they moved south in late 1941 in search of Dutch oil. [58] [59] On 10 January 1942, during the Dutch East Indies Campaign , Japanese forces invaded the Dutch East Indies as part of the Pacific War . [60]
