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  2. The president, chosen by the Japanese, was José Laurel, former associate justice of the commonwealth Supreme Court and the only Filipino to hold an honorary degree from Tokyo Imperial University. More than half of the commonwealth Senate and more than one-third of the House served at one time in the Japanese-sponsored regime.

  3. The Second Republic was dissolved after Japan surrendered to the Allies in 1945; the Commonwealth was restored in the Philippines in the same year with Sergio Osmeña (1944–46) as president. [3] Manuel Roxas (1946–1948) followed Osmeña when he won the first post-war election in 1946. He became the first president of the independent ...

  4. The military career of former Philippine President Ferdinand Marcos during World War II has been the subject of debate and controversy, both in the Philippines and in international military circles. [1] [2] Marcos, who had received ROTC training in the University of the Philippines, was activated for service in the US Armed Forces in the ...

  5. It also ended nearly four bitter years of Japanese occupation in the Philippines—a war that shattered the Pearl of the Orient and killed approximately one million civilians. But today not many people know of the tremendous sacrifices of the Filipinos during World War II. President Franklin D. Roosevelt told the Filipinos on December 28, 1941,

    • Malloryk
  6. Philippines campaign (1944–1945) Part of the Pacific Theater of World War II: General Douglas MacArthur, President Osmeña, and staff land at Palo, Leyte on October 20, 1944.

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