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a small branch at İzmir (or Smyrna), whose population at the time was so overwhelmingly Christian and Greek that the city was derogatorily termed giaour İzmir or “İzmir of the infidels” by the Turks of the empire.2 İzmir’s Christian population had made the city something of a beachhead for
Kemalism focused on the nation-state's narrower interests, renouncing the concern for the "Outside Turks". Pan-Turkism was an ethnocentric ideology [to unite all ethnically Turkic nations] while Kemalism is polycentric [united under a "common will"] in character. Kemalism wants to have an equal footing among the mainstream world civilizations.
Dec 13, 2010 · Following Atatürk’s death, Islam episodically regained momentum as an important factor in Turkish identity, but was held in check by civilian and military officials who considered themselves the custodians of Turkey’s secular democracy. On four occasions, the military ousted Turkey’s civilian governments, three times via outright coups d ...
Feb 20, 2019 · This analysis refrains from depicting Kemalism as a single and unitary ideological construct or political project. This approach is based on the argument that since its inception, Kemalism underwent various transformations, both in form and content, and, subsequently, each period (marked by radical domestic and global shifts and challenges, military interventions , regime change, etc.) left ...
- Vahram Ter-Matevosyan
- 2019
Jun 9, 2015 · Kemalism is the name “given to Mustafa Kemal Atatürk’s party’s political thought and practice – and [to] the persistently official and semiofficial, hegemonic ideology of the Turkish Republic.” 1 Although Kemalism attained its most succinct definition in the program of the Republican People’s Party in 1931 in the metaphor of its six “arrows” (republicanism; nationalism ...
Jul 22, 2022 · While “the Ottoman reformists wanted to save what was left from the empire and considered modernisation a tool with which to do this,” the Kemalist elite, after years of war, wanted to eradicate all remnants of the empire. 21 Kemalism sought to destroy the Ottoman-Islamic tradition, and the effects of religion upon social life. 22 Therefore ...
It's in the Bible, the Torah, Genesis 25:7-10, RSV. “These are the days of the years of Abraham's life, a hundred and seventy-five years. Abraham breathed his last and died in a good old age, an old man and full of years, and was gathered to his people. Isaac and Ishmael, his sons, buried him in the cave of Machpelah, in the field of Ephron ...
