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Dec 9, 2020 · Y. pestis is a gammaproteobacterium with a 4.60- to 4.65-Mb genome exhibiting numerous insertion sequences, intragenomic recombination and lateral gene transfer events, and remnants of an enteric life cycle (15, 16). The Y. pestis CO92 reference strain (biovar Orientalis) harbors three plasmids, a 70- to 75-kb plasmid common to the three human ...
- R. Barbieri, M. Signoli, D. Chevé, C. Costedoat, S. Tzortzis, G. Aboudharam, D. Raoult, M. Drancourt
- 2020
Dec 24, 2013 · Life cycle of Y. pestis during infection. Y. pestis is a facultative intracellular gram-negative bacterium. During the early stages of infection, Y. pestis can enter both macrophages and neutrophils through mechanisms of active or passive entry (Lukaszewski et al., 2005).
- Yuehua Ke, Zeliang Chen, Ruifu Yang
- 10.3389/fcimb.2013.00106
- 2013
- Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 2013; 3: 106.
- Signs and Symptoms
- Where Is Plague Found?
- Diagnosing Plague
- Treatment
- Prevention
- Vaccination
- Managing Plague Outbreaks
- Surveillance and Control
- Who Response
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People infected with plague usually develop acute febrile disease with other non-specific systemic symptoms after an incubation period of one to seven days, such as sudden onset of fever, chills, head and body aches, and weakness, vomiting and nausea. There are two main forms of plague infection, depending on the route of infection: bubonic and pne...
As an animal disease, plague is found in all continents, except Oceania. There is a risk of human plague wherever the presence of plague natural foci (the bacteria, an animal reservoir and a vector) and human population co-exist. 1. Global distribution of natural plague foci as of March 2016 Plague epidemics have occurred in Africa, Asia, and South...
Confirmation of plague requires lab testing. The best practice is to identify Y. pestis from a sample of pus from a bubo, blood or sputum. A specific Y. pestis antigen can be detected by different techniques. One of them is a laboratory validated rapid dipstick test now widely used in Africa and South America, with the support of WHO.
Untreated pneumonic plague can be rapidly fatal, so early diagnosis and treatment is essential for survival and reduction of complications. Antibiotics and supportive therapy are effective against plague if patients are diagnosed in time. Pneumonic plague can be fatal within 18 to 24 hours of disease onset if left untreated, but common antibiotics ...
Preventive measures include informing people when zoonotic plague is present in their environment and advising them to take precautions against flea bites and not to handle animal carcasses. Generally people should be advised to avoid direct contact with infected body fluids and tissues. When handling potentially infected patients and collecting sp...
WHO does not recommend vaccination, except for high-risk groups (such as laboratory personnel who are constantly exposed to the risk of contamination, and health care workers).
Find and stop the source of infection.Identify the most likely source of infection in the area where the human case(s) was exposed, typically looking for clustered areas with large numbers of small...Protect health workers.Inform and train them on infection prevention and control. Workers in direct contact with pneumonic plague patients must wear standard precautions and receive a chemoprophyla...Ensure correct treatment:Verify that patients are being given appropriate antibiotic treatment and that local supplies of antibiotics are adequate.Isolate patients with pneumonic plague.Patients should be isolated so as not to infect others via air droplets. Providing masks for pneumonic patients can reduce spread.Surveillance and control requires investigating animal and flea species implicated in the plague cycle in the region and developing environmental management programmes to understand the natural zoonosis of the disease cycle and to limit spread. Active long-term surveillance of animal foci, coupled with a rapid response during animal outbreaks has s...
WHO aims to prevent plague outbreaks by maintaining surveillance and supporting at-risk countries to prepare. As the type of animal reservoir differs according to the region and influences the risk and conditions of human transmission, WHO has developed specific guidelines for the Indian sub-continent, South-America and Sub-Saharan Africa. WHO work...
Plague is a severe bacterial infection caused by Yersinia pestis, transmitted by fleas, contact or inhalation. It can cause bubonic or pneumonic forms, with high mortality if untreated. Learn more about plague diagnosis, prevention and management.
May 15, 2024 · Plague is a potentially life-threatening disease caused by the bacterium, Yersinia pestis. Plague occurs naturally in areas of the western United States, where it circulates among wild rodents and other animals. Plague can be cured with antibiotics, but treatment must be given quickly.
Aug 7, 2023 · Plague is a zoonotic infection that has affected humans for thousands of years. In humans, the primary plague syndromes are bubonic, septicemic, and pneumonic. All of these result from infection with the gram-negative bacillus Yersinia pestis. The typical life-cycle of Y. Pestis starts within an insect vector followed by transmission to a mammalian host, typically rodents or other wild animals ...
- Robert L. Dillard, Andrew L. Juergens
- 2023/08/07
- Texas A&M
Apr 3, 2019 · The etiological agent of plague is the Gram-negative bacterium Yersinia pestis , ... which allowed a rodent–flea–rodent transmission cycle. This combination seems essential for plague ...
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May 30, 2024 · Yersinia pestis is classified as a Gram-negative coccobacillus, being spherical to cylindrical in shape and having a thin peptidoglycan cell wall surrounded by an outer lipopolysaccharide membrane. It is also a facultative anaerobe, able to grow either with or without free oxygen. Y. pestis was discovered in 1894 by French bacteriologist ...
