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Ammonia is an inorganic chemical compound of nitrogen and hydrogen with the formula N H 3. A stable binary hydride and the simplest pnictogen hydride, ammonia is a colourless gas with a distinctive pungent smell.
- Overview
- Uses of ammonia
- Preparation of ammonia
- Physical properties of ammonia
- Chemical reactivity of ammonia
ammonia (NH3), colourless, pungent gas composed of nitrogen and hydrogen. It is the simplest stable compound of these elements and serves as a starting material for the production of many commercially important nitrogen compounds.
The major use of ammonia is as a fertilizer. In the United States, it is usually applied directly to the soil from tanks containing the liquefied gas. The ammonia can also be in the form of ammonium salts, such as ammonium nitrate, NH4NO3, ammonium sulfate, (NH4)2SO4, and various ammonium phosphates. Urea, (H2N)2C=O, is the most commonly used source of nitrogen for fertilizer worldwide. Ammonia is also used in the manufacture of commercial explosives (e.g., trinitrotoluene [TNT], nitroglycerin, and nitrocellulose).
In the textile industry, ammonia is used in the manufacture of synthetic fibres, such as nylon and rayon. In addition, it is employed in the dyeing and scouring of cotton, wool, and silk. Ammonia serves as a catalyst in the production of some synthetic resins. More important, it neutralizes acidic by-products of petroleum refining, and in the rubber industry it prevents the coagulation of raw latex during transportation from plantation to factory. Ammonia also finds application in both the ammonia-soda process (also called the Solvay process), a widely used method for producing soda ash, and the Ostwald process, a method for converting ammonia into nitric acid.
Pure ammonia was first prepared by English physical scientist Joseph Priestley in 1774, and its exact composition was determined by French chemist Claude-Louis Berthollet in 1785. Ammonia is consistently among the top five chemicals produced in the United States. The chief commercial method of producing ammonia is by the Haber-Bosch process, which involves the direct reaction of elemental hydrogen and elemental nitrogen. N2 + 3H2 → 2NH3
This reaction requires the use of a catalyst, high pressure (100–1,000 atmospheres), and elevated temperature (400–550 °C [750–1020 °F]). Actually, the equilibrium between the elements and ammonia favours the formation of ammonia at low temperature, but high temperature is required to achieve a satisfactory rate of ammonia formation. Several different catalysts can be used. Normally the catalyst is iron containing iron oxide. However, both magnesium oxide on aluminum oxide that has been activated by alkali metal oxides and ruthenium on carbon have been employed as catalysts. In the laboratory, ammonia is best synthesized by the hydrolysis of a metal nitride. Mg3N2 + 6H2O → 2NH3 + 3Mg(OH)2
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Ammonia is a colourless gas with a sharp, penetrating odour. Its boiling point is −33.35 °C (−28.03 °F), and its freezing point is −77.7 °C (−107.8 °F). It has a high heat of vaporization (23.3 kilojoules per mole at its boiling point) and can be handled as a liquid in thermally insulated containers in the laboratory. (The heat of vaporization of a...
The combustion of ammonia proceeds with difficulty but yields nitrogen gas and water. 4NH3 + 3O2 + heat → 2N2 + 6H2O However, with the use of a catalyst and under the correct conditions of temperature, ammonia reacts with oxygen to produce nitric oxide, NO, which is oxidized to nitrogen dioxide, NO2, and is used in the industrial synthesis of nitric acid.
Ammonia readily dissolves in water with the liberation of heat. NH3 + H2O ⇌ NH4+ + OH− These aqueous solutions of ammonia are basic and are sometimes called solutions of ammonium hydroxide (NH4OH). The equilibrium, however, is such that a 1.0-molar solution of NH3 provides only 4.2 millimoles of hydroxide ion. The hydrates NH3 · H2O, 2NH3 · H2O, and NH3 · 2H2O exist and have been shown to consist of ammonia and water molecules linked by intermolecular hydrogen bonds.
Ammonia | NH3 or H3N | CID 222 - structure, chemical names, physical and chemical properties, classification, patents, literature, biological activities, safety/hazards/toxicity information, supplier lists, and more.
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What is Ammonia? Ammonia is a colorless gas with a chemical formula NH 3. It consists of hydrogen and nitrogen. In its aqueous form, it is called ammonium hydroxide. This inorganic compound has a pungent smell. In its concentrated form, it is dangerous and caustic. The NH 3 chemical name is ammonia. Table of Contents. Ammonia Structure.
- What is the chemical name of NH3?The chemical name of NH3 is ammonia. It is also known as trihydridonitrogen and nitrogen trihydride. This compound is known to be the simplest pnic...
- What are the uses of ammonia?One of the most important applications of ammonia is its use in the agriculture industry as a fertilizer. Ammonia, in its anhydrous form (or someti...
- How is ammonia produced?Up till the early 1900s, ammonia was mostly produced via the dry distillation of animal waste products along with certain vegetable waste that was...
- Does liquid ammonia act as a solvent?Liquid ammonia is the most commonly studied, and best known, non-aqueous ionizing solvent. The most notable property of this compound is its abilit...
- Where can ammonia be found naturally?Ammonia is known to naturally occur in many parts of the environment such as the soil, the air, and in vegetation. It can also be noted that the hu...
- What are the side effects associated with the inhalation of ammonia?When large concentrations of ammonia are inhaled, the most common symptoms that arise include an immediate burning of the throat, nose, and respira...
Isotopologues: Ammonia-d3. Other names: Ammonia gas; Nitro-Sil; Spirit of Hartshorn; NH3; Ammonia, anhydrous; Anhydrous ammonia; Aromatic Ammonia, Vaporole. Permanent link for this species. Use this link for bookmarking this species for future reference. Information on this page: Henry's Law data. References.
Other names: Ammonia gas; Nitro-Sil; Spirit of Hartshorn; NH3; Ammonia, anhydrous; Anhydrous ammonia; Aromatic Ammonia, Vaporole Permanent link for this species. Use this link for bookmarking this species for future reference. Information on this page: Mass spectrum (electron ionization) References; Notes; Other data available: Gas phase ...
Apr 11, 2022 · Ammonia, also known as NH3, is a waste product that bacteria in your intestines primarily make when digesting protein. Normally, ammonia is processed in your liver, where it’s transformed into another waste product called urea. The urea is then carried to your kidneys, where it’s eliminated in your urine (pee).
