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The Weimar Republic, officially known as the German Reich, was a historical period of Germany from 9 November 1918 to 23 March 1933, during which it was a constitutional federal republic for the first time in history; hence it is also referred to, and unofficially proclaimed itself, as the German Republic.
- President Friedrich Ebert
- Philipp Scheidemann
- Gustav Bauer
- Hermann Müller
- Konstantin Fehrenbach
- Karl Wirth
- Wilhelm Cuno
- Gustav Stresemann
- Wilhelm Marx
- Paul Von Hindenburg
A socialist and trade unionist, Ebert was a leading player in establishing the Weimar Republic. With Chancellor Maximillian’s resignation in 1918 and growing support for the Communists in Bavaria, Ebert was left with little choice – and no higher power to direct him otherwise – than to watch as Germany was declared a republic and establish a new ca...
Philipp Scheidemann was also a Social Democrat and worked as a journalist. Without warning on 9 November 1918, he publicly proclaimed a republic from the Reichstagbalcony which, faced with leftist uprisings, was pretty hard to take back. After serving the interim republican government between November 1918 and February 1919, Scheidemann became the ...
Another Social Democrat, as the second German chancellor of the Weimar Republic, Bauer had the thankless task of negotiating the Treaty of Versailles or “peace of injustice” as it came to be known in Germany. Accepting the treaty, generally seen in Germany as humiliating, substantially weakened the new republic. Bauer resigned shortly after the Kap...
Müller was made chancellor just 3 months before he was elected out in June 1920, when the popularity of the republican parties dropped. He was chancellor again in 1928, but was forced to resign in 1930 as the Great Depressionwrought disaster on the German economy.
A chancellor from the Centre party, Fehrenbach led the first non-socialist government of the Weimar Republic. However, his government resigned in May 1921 after the Allies stipulated that Germany had to pay reparations of 132 billion gold marks – far above what they could reasonably pay.
Instead, the new chancellor Karl Wirth accepted the Allied terms. The republicans continued to make the unpopular decisions forced upon them by Allied powers. As foreseen, Germany could not pay the reparations on time and, as a result, France and Belgium occupied the Ruhr in January 1923.
Cuno’s coalition government of the Centre Party, People’s Party and the SPD, ordered passive resistance to the French occupation. The occupiers responded by crippling German industry through arrests and an economic blockade, leading to massive inflation of the Mark, and Cuno stepped down in August 1923 as the Social Democrats demanded stronger poli...
Stresemann lifted the ban on paying reparations and ordered everyone back to work. Declaring a state of emergency, he used the army to put down Communist unrest in Saxony and Thuringia while the Bavarian National Socialists led by Adolf Hitler staged the unsuccessful Munich Putschon 9 November 1923. Having dealt with the threat of chaos, Stresemann...
From the Centre Party, Chancellor Marx felt secure enough to remove the state of emergency in February 1924. Yet Marx inherited the French occupied Ruhr and issue of reparations. The answer came in a new plan devised by the British and Americans – the Dawes Plan. This plan loaned the Germans 800 million marks and allowed them to pay reparations sev...
When Friedrich Ebert died in February 1925, Field Marshal Paul von Hindenburg was elected president in his place. A monarchist favoured by the right, Hindenburg raised the concerns of foreign powers and republicans. However, Hindenburg’s visible loyalty to the republican cause during the ‘years of crisis’ helped to strengthen and reconcile the repu...
The President of the Reich ( German: Reichspräsident) was the German head of state under the Weimar constitution, which was officially in force from 1919 to 1945. In English he was usually simply referred to as the President of Germany .
Dec 4, 2017 · The Weimar Republic was Germany’s government from 1919 to 1933, the period after World War I until the rise of Nazi Germany. It was named after the town of Weimar where Germany’s new government...
Apr 5, 2024 · Weimar Republic, the government of Germany from 1919 to 1933. Economic crisis and political instability led to the collapse of the republic and the rise of the Third Reich. Learn more about the history and significance of the Weimar Republic in this article.
- The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica
- The Weimar Republic was the German government from 1919 to 1933. It is so called because the assembly that adopted its constitution met at Weimar f...
- Chancellor Heinrich Brüning wanted to pass a budget, but after facing parliamentary deadlock, he resorted to the use of the president’s emergency p...
- The Dawes Plan was a report on German reparations for World War I drafted by a committee of experts led by American financier Charles G. Dawes that...
- Gustav Stresemann introduced a new currency, the Rentenmark, in 1923 but in limited quantities. It was backed by a mortgage on the entire industria...
Friedrich Ebert (1871-1925) was the first president of the Weimar Republic. Born to a working-class family, Ebert’s youth was spent as a journeyman labourer, during which he developed an affinity for the trade union movement. He joined the SPD and, in 1912, was elected as a member of the Reichstag.
Friedrich Ebert was a leader of the Social Democratic movement in Germany and a moderate socialist, who was a leader in bringing about the constitution of the Weimar Republic, which attempted to unite Germany after its defeat in World War I. He was president of the Weimar Republic from 1919 to.
