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- Han policy changed in 133 BC, under Emperor Wu, when Han forces began a series of military campaigns to quell the Xiongnu. The Xiongnu were eventually defeated and forced to accept a status as Han vassals, and the Xiongnu confederation fragmented.
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An adviser to Emperor Wen called Jia Yi spelled out what was meant by a foreign policy based on “virtue” in his book Xin Shu (New Writings). He recommended a change in policy, away from Heqin (marriage alliance) to one based on culturally undermining the Xiongnu confederacy.
Apr 25, 2024 · The early Han dynasty rulers attempted to control them by marrying their leaders to Chinese princesses. But Xiongnu raids against China continued periodically until the Han emperor Wudi (reigned 141/140–87/86 bce ) initiated a fiercely aggressive policy against the nomads, sending expeditions into central China to outflank them and to ...
- The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica
The early Han dynasty adopted a policy known as the "marriage alliance" to appease the Xiongnu, who still raided Chinese borderlands routinely. However, starting from the reign of the seventh Han ruler, Emperor Wu, the Han Empire began to change from a relatively passive foreign policy to a proactively offensive strategy seeking to
Han policy changed in 133 BC, under Emperor Wu, when Han forces began a series of military campaigns to quell the Xiongnu. The Xiongnu were eventually defeated and forced to accept a status as Han vassals , and the Xiongnu confederation fragmented.
- The Battle in Pingcheng. In the autumn of 201 BC, Xiongnu sent troops to surround Han Xin, the King of Han, in Mayi (present-day Shuo County, northern Shanxi).
- The Battle in Mayi. In 133 BC, Nie Yi, a wealthy merchant in Mayi (present-day Shuo County, Shanxi) wrote to Emperor Wu. He persuaded the emperor to lure Xiongnu Chanyu into entering the Han territory further by significant interests.
- The Battle in Yanran Mountain. In the March of 90 BC, Li Guangli mobilized a force of 130,000 troops to subjugate Xiongnu. Knowing that the Han army would arrive, Xiongnu Chanyu moved the food supplies and gears for troops to the north, i.e.
- The Battle in Wusun. During Emperor Zhao’s reign, in order to ease the tension with the Han dynasty, Xiongnu released Su Wu, the Han ambassador who had been detained for 19 years.
Even though this wasn't a period of many long-lasting dynasties, the roughly four centuries between the Han and the Tang were still very important in Chinese history. Much of what is currently understood as Chinese culture emerged during this period, and the foundations were created for later economic and political developments.
Key Points. The Han Dynasty put an end to civil war and reunified China in 202 BCE, ushering in a golden age of peace and prosperity during which progress and cultural development took place. The Western Han period continued a lot of the Qin’s policies, but modified them with Confucian ideals.
