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Some female turtles can store sperm from multiple males and their egg clutches can have multiple sires. Eggs and hatchlings A female common snapping turtle depositing her eggs in a hole she dug. Turtles, including sea turtles, lay their eggs on land, although some lay eggs near water that rises and falls in level, submerging the eggs.
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Most turtles can dive to depths of up to 290 m (960 ft). However, one species of sea turtle—the leatherback—can dive over 1,000 m (3,000 ft)! The maximum depth ever recorded for a sea turtle dive was a leatherback that dove 1,200 m (3937 ft). Leatherbacks are able to do this because of their adaptations for deep diving.
- Overview
- Origin and evolution
The earliest turtles known date to the Late Permian Epoch (the Permian Period lasted from 298.9 million to about 251.9 million years ago). Whereas living turtles are toothless, many ancestral forms possessed teeth. Many of the oldest and most primitive forms not only lacked a shell but also lacked a plastron and a carapace. However, early turtles did possess precursors to these structures.
Eunotosaurus africanus, the earliest known turtle, lived 260 million years ago. Eunotosaurus was toothed, and its midsection contained nine elongated trunk vertebrae, nine pairs of broad T-shaped dorsal ribs, and five pairs of gastralia (ventrally located abdominal ribs). Collectively, these modified bones may have served as a type of intermediate shell structure from which the carapace and plastron evolved. (Similar structures also appear in Pappochelys, a younger, toothed species dating from about 240 million ago during the Middle Triassic Epoch.) These broad-ribbed structures likely evolved to provide these early forms with more stability and leverage for burrowing.
Odontochelys semitestacea, a species dating from about 220 million years ago, during the Late Triassic, is the oldest species to possess a complete plastron, broad dorsal ribs, and a series of neural plates, though it lacked a fully developed carapace. Authorities contend that this species is evidence that the carapace evolved after the plastron. This evidence also suggests that the carapace of later turtles arose from neural plates that hardened over time to become flat sections of bone (osteoderms) supported by wide dorsal ribs. Teeth were still present in turtles at this time, appearing in both the upper and lower jaws of Odontochelys.
A slightly younger fossil species, Proganochelys quenstedi, also had teeth, but the teeth were located on the roof of the mouth, not on the upper or lower jaw. In contrast to Odontochelys, the shell of Proganochelys possessed most of the features of modern turtles, and it completely encased the shoulder and pelvic girdles.
Although Odontochelys, Proganochelys, and Eunotosaurus offer insight into early anatomy, the origin of turtles remains a strongly debated issue. There are three main hypotheses concerning their origins, and existing evidence is such that there is a lack of overwhelming support for any one of them. One hypothesis relies heavily on DNA analysis, whereas the others are based on morphological studies of fossils. The DNA hypothesis suggests that turtles were a sister group to the archosaurs (the group that contains the dinosaurs and their relatives, including crocodiles and their ancestors and modern birds and their ancestors). A second hypothesis posits that turtles were more closely related to lizards and tuataras. A third hypothesis suggests that turtles arose as anapsids—a lineage whose skull contained no openings (temporal fenestrae) in the side of the head. The Anapsida is thought to have been ancestral to the Diapsida—a lineage of reptiles whose skull was characterized by two temporal fenestrae and would subsequently include all archosaurs as well as lizards and tuataras.
Proterocheris is another ancient fossil turtle that lived at the same time as Proganochelys. Proterocheris has many features that suggest that it is a side-necked turtle. If this is true, the two major taxonomic groups of living turtles, suborders Pleurodira (side-necked turtles) and Cryptodira (hidden necks), had their origins some 230 million years ago during the Triassic Period (251.9 million to 201.3 million years ago) at the latest, making turtles an extremely ancient group. Proterocheris and two later-appearing Triassic genera are likely not true side-necks but turtles that share some pleurodire characteristics. Unquestionable pleurodires do not appear until the Early Cretaceous (about 145 million to 100.5 million years ago), and the first modern side-neck families do not appear until the Late Cretaceous (100.5 million to 66 million years ago).
The earliest turtles known date to the Late Permian Epoch (the Permian Period lasted from 298.9 million to about 251.9 million years ago). Whereas living turtles are toothless, many ancestral forms possessed teeth. Many of the oldest and most primitive forms not only lacked a shell but also lacked a plastron and a carapace. However, early turtles did possess precursors to these structures.
Eunotosaurus africanus, the earliest known turtle, lived 260 million years ago. Eunotosaurus was toothed, and its midsection contained nine elongated trunk vertebrae, nine pairs of broad T-shaped dorsal ribs, and five pairs of gastralia (ventrally located abdominal ribs). Collectively, these modified bones may have served as a type of intermediate shell structure from which the carapace and plastron evolved. (Similar structures also appear in Pappochelys, a younger, toothed species dating from about 240 million ago during the Middle Triassic Epoch.) These broad-ribbed structures likely evolved to provide these early forms with more stability and leverage for burrowing.
Odontochelys semitestacea, a species dating from about 220 million years ago, during the Late Triassic, is the oldest species to possess a complete plastron, broad dorsal ribs, and a series of neural plates, though it lacked a fully developed carapace. Authorities contend that this species is evidence that the carapace evolved after the plastron. This evidence also suggests that the carapace of later turtles arose from neural plates that hardened over time to become flat sections of bone (osteoderms) supported by wide dorsal ribs. Teeth were still present in turtles at this time, appearing in both the upper and lower jaws of Odontochelys.
A slightly younger fossil species, Proganochelys quenstedi, also had teeth, but the teeth were located on the roof of the mouth, not on the upper or lower jaw. In contrast to Odontochelys, the shell of Proganochelys possessed most of the features of modern turtles, and it completely encased the shoulder and pelvic girdles.
Although Odontochelys, Proganochelys, and Eunotosaurus offer insight into early anatomy, the origin of turtles remains a strongly debated issue. There are three main hypotheses concerning their origins, and existing evidence is such that there is a lack of overwhelming support for any one of them. One hypothesis relies heavily on DNA analysis, whereas the others are based on morphological studies of fossils. The DNA hypothesis suggests that turtles were a sister group to the archosaurs (the group that contains the dinosaurs and their relatives, including crocodiles and their ancestors and modern birds and their ancestors). A second hypothesis posits that turtles were more closely related to lizards and tuataras. A third hypothesis suggests that turtles arose as anapsids—a lineage whose skull contained no openings (temporal fenestrae) in the side of the head. The Anapsida is thought to have been ancestral to the Diapsida—a lineage of reptiles whose skull was characterized by two temporal fenestrae and would subsequently include all archosaurs as well as lizards and tuataras.
Proterocheris is another ancient fossil turtle that lived at the same time as Proganochelys. Proterocheris has many features that suggest that it is a side-necked turtle. If this is true, the two major taxonomic groups of living turtles, suborders Pleurodira (side-necked turtles) and Cryptodira (hidden necks), had their origins some 230 million years ago during the Triassic Period (251.9 million to 201.3 million years ago) at the latest, making turtles an extremely ancient group. Proterocheris and two later-appearing Triassic genera are likely not true side-necks but turtles that share some pleurodire characteristics. Unquestionable pleurodires do not appear until the Early Cretaceous (about 145 million to 100.5 million years ago), and the first modern side-neck families do not appear until the Late Cretaceous (100.5 million to 66 million years ago).
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