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20 November 1815
- Date 18 May 1803 – 20 November 1815 (1803-05-18 – 1815-11-20) (12 years, 6 months and 2 days)
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The Napoleonic Wars began with the War of the Third Coalition, which was the first of the Coalition Wars against the First French Republic after Napoleon's accession as leader of France. Britain ended the Treaty of Amiens, declaring war on France in May 1803.
- Overview
- Northern and central Italy
- The Kingdom of Naples
- Sardinia and Sicily
- The end of French rule
Soon after Napoleon claimed the title of emperor in 1804, the Italian Republic became a kingdom, proclaimed on March 17, 1805. Napoleon, as king of Italy, appointed his stepson, Eugène de Beauharnais, as viceroy and Antonio Aldini as secretary of state, forcing Melzi to step aside. Although Italian autonomy remained limited, Napoleon’s victories, which constantly increased the territory of the kingdom, provided some compensation. Venetia was annexed to it by the Treaty of Pressburg (December 26, 1805), and Dalmatia and Istria were attached to the kingdom with a separate constitution. In a reorganization following the Treaty of Schönbrunn (October 14, 1809), Dalmatia and Istria were joined with Trieste and Ragusa (now Dubrovnik, Croatia), together with other territories ceded by Austria, to form the seven French départements of the Illyrian provinces. The Marche became part of the Italian kingdom in April 1808. Liguria was directly annexed to France on June 4, 1805, as was Tuscany in March 1808. In 1809 Napoleon abolished the temporal power of the papacy and annexed Rome and the remainder of the Papal States to France. Pope Pius VII responded by excommunicating Napoleon, who in response held the pontiff prisoner, first in France and later in the Ligurian town of Savona.
As emperor of France and king of Italy, Napoleon directly controlled all of northern and central Italy. During his rule, far-reaching reforms were instituted. Although the new Italian legal codes were translated almost verbatim from the French with little regard for Italian traditions, they introduced a modern jurisprudence responsive to the rights of the individual citizen. Properties held in mortmain, the old feudal ecclesiastical tenure (specifically those of the regular clergy), were transferred to the state and sold. The remaining feudal rights and jurisdictions were abolished. Roads were improved everywhere, and both primary and higher education were strengthened. In return for higher taxes, Italians thus gained a network of new and improved services that were to hasten Italian social and economic progress and cohesion.
Soon after Napoleon claimed the title of emperor in 1804, the Italian Republic became a kingdom, proclaimed on March 17, 1805. Napoleon, as king of Italy, appointed his stepson, Eugène de Beauharnais, as viceroy and Antonio Aldini as secretary of state, forcing Melzi to step aside. Although Italian autonomy remained limited, Napoleon’s victories, which constantly increased the territory of the kingdom, provided some compensation. Venetia was annexed to it by the Treaty of Pressburg (December 26, 1805), and Dalmatia and Istria were attached to the kingdom with a separate constitution. In a reorganization following the Treaty of Schönbrunn (October 14, 1809), Dalmatia and Istria were joined with Trieste and Ragusa (now Dubrovnik, Croatia), together with other territories ceded by Austria, to form the seven French départements of the Illyrian provinces. The Marche became part of the Italian kingdom in April 1808. Liguria was directly annexed to France on June 4, 1805, as was Tuscany in March 1808. In 1809 Napoleon abolished the temporal power of the papacy and annexed Rome and the remainder of the Papal States to France. Pope Pius VII responded by excommunicating Napoleon, who in response held the pontiff prisoner, first in France and later in the Ligurian town of Savona.
As emperor of France and king of Italy, Napoleon directly controlled all of northern and central Italy. During his rule, far-reaching reforms were instituted. Although the new Italian legal codes were translated almost verbatim from the French with little regard for Italian traditions, they introduced a modern jurisprudence responsive to the rights of the individual citizen. Properties held in mortmain, the old feudal ecclesiastical tenure (specifically those of the regular clergy), were transferred to the state and sold. The remaining feudal rights and jurisdictions were abolished. Roads were improved everywhere, and both primary and higher education were strengthened. In return for higher taxes, Italians thus gained a network of new and improved services that were to hasten Italian social and economic progress and cohesion.
In the south, after the repression and executions of 1799, the Bourbons experimented with some cautious reforms, mainly fiscal and antifeudal. These were implemented to strengthen the loyalty of the rural population, which had already proved so valuable to the monarchy. But the Neapolitan government was desperately weak, both politically and milita...
Meanwhile, both Sardinia, where the Savoy court took refuge, and Sicily remained apart from the Napoleonic world. In Sicily the Bourbons were under strict English control, not only militarily but also politically. In 1811–12, when the king clashed with the Sicilian nobles, mostly over taxation, the British naval commander Lord William Bentinck inte...
The Napoleonic regime collapsed in Italy as it did in the rest of Europe. Beauharnais and Murat, with their respective armies, had taken part in Napoleon’s disastrous Russian campaign of 1812. At the moment of defeat, Murat deserted the emperor, returned to Naples, and made peace with the English and the Austrians. Joining them in their campaign ag...
By the end of the Napoleonic Wars, France no longer held the role of the dominant power in Europe, as it had since the times of Louis XIV.
Oct 13, 2023 · Four days after the battle, Napoleon abdicated for a final time and was sent into permanent exile on St. Helena, where he would die in 1821. Waterloo marked the end of the Napoleonic Wars and ushered in a new balance of power, the Concert of Europe, that would last for the next several decades.
- The Battle of Waterloo was important because it marked Napoleon's final defeat and led to his exile to St. Helena. It signaled an end to the Napole...
- The Battle of Waterloo was fought by a French army under Emperor Napoleon I against two armies of the Seventh Coalition; an Anglo-Dutch-German army...
- The Battle of Waterloo was fought on 18 June 1815, during the final stage of the Napoleonic Wars (1803-1815).
- The Battle of Waterloo was fought at the hamlet of Mont-Saint-Jean, near the town of Waterloo in modern Belgium, then part of the Kingdom of the Ne...
Oct 19, 2023 · King Louis XVIII is restored to the French throne; end of both the Hundred Days period and the Napoleonic Era. 15 Jul 1815 At Rochefort, Napoleon surrenders to British Captain Frederick Maitland of the HMS Bellerophon .
- Napoleon Bonaparte was a Corsican-born French general and politician who ruled as Emperor of the French with the regnal name Napoleon I from 1804 t...
- Napoleon Bonaparte was born in Ajaccio, Corsica.
- Napoleon Bonaparte was defeated at the Battle of Leipzig, or the Battle of the Nations, in October 1813; afterwards, France was invaded, and he was...
- Napoleon Bonaparte was significant for founding the First French Empire and reshaping Europe through his conquests and liberal reforms. He also cha...
After 1805, the Napoleonic Empire was no longer a purely west European state system, but a pan-European empire. Territorially, it reached its height in 1811. There were 130 imperial departments, ruled directly from Paris, embracing forty-four million inhabitants; together with the satellite kingdoms and the Confederation of the Rhine, the ...
The king still served as an elector until Bavaria seceded from the Holy Roman Empire on 1 August 1806, joining the Confederation of the Rhine. The Duchy of Berg was ceded to Napoleon only in 1806. The new kingdom faced challenges from the outset of its creation, relying on the support of Napoleonic France.
